Diving Medicine And First Aid Flashcards
What side of the body is Anterior?
Front of the body
What side of the body is Posterior?
The back
Directions in medicine is taken from which point of view?
The patients.
Medial means?
Towards the midline.
Lateral means?
Away from the midline.
Superior means?
Towards the top of the body.
Inferior means?
Towards the bottom of the body.
Proximal means?
Closer to the body.
Distal means
Further away from the body.
Carbon dioxide a waste product, is carried in the bloodstream as?
Carbonic Acid
When will oxygen only pass into the cell?
When the pressure gradient is higher in the bloodstream . Higher PPO2in the bloodstream versus the cells.
When will CO2 pass from the cell into the blood and then into the lungs?
When the PC02 is greater in the cell and greater in the bloodstream,than the gas in the alveoli.
If a diver breaths a pure or inert gas, what will happen?
The pO2 will be lower in blood and the pressure gradient will be larger in the cell. The O2 will pass from the cell to the bloodstream, collapse will happen and death shortly after.
What are the four body systems?
1) Skeletal
2) Respiratory
3) Circulatory
4) Nervous
How is deoxygenated blood carried back to the lungs?
Pulmonary Artery
How is oxygenated blood carried from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary vein
How can an Arterial Gas Embolism form?
If the membrane within the lungs is damaged, bubbles can enter directly into the bloodstream and make their way to the brain.
What condition arises if the chest wall is damaged?
Pneumothorax (chest fills with gas and collapses the lung)
What condition arises if the chest wall is damaged and bleeding takes place?
Haemothorax (partial/full lung collapse)
Approximately what percentage of gas is exhaled?
16%
How many breaths per min does the adult male take?
12 breaths
What is the average tidal volume?
500 ml of gas
What is the average total lung capacity?
6000ml of which 5000 can be moved in very deep breathing.
What is vital capacity?
The most gas that can be moved in heavy breathing.
What is residual volume?
The volume left after full exhalation.
What is Resting tidal volume?
The volume that is left after normal exhalation.
During normal respiration, how much oxygen does the body use?
250 ml
During exercise how much oxygen does the body use?
1000 ml per minute
How much metabolic oxygen does a diver consume in saturation?
Which IMCA document is this?
500 ml/min
Or 30 L/hr
Or 720. L/day (0.72 m2)
IMCA D50 Min quantities of gas required offshore.
In normal breathing how much gas remains in the dead space ( Resting tidal volume)?
150ml
Name five vital signs?
Pulse Blood pressure Respiration Skin colour/temperature Pupil size
Name three common conditions associated with Pulmonary Barotrauma?
1) Interstitial Emphysema
2) Pneumothorax
3) Arterial Gas Embolism
How would a diver present with Emphysema?
Gas bubbles can be seen or felt under the skin. Usually at the base of the neck or under the arms.
May have pain behind the best bone.
Voice may be hoarse
How would a diver present with a Pneumothorax?
Breathing difficulties
Pain in the chest
Uneven (Flailed) chest movements
Blood vessels in neck maybe swollen
Breathing rate may increase
🤒(If in chamber, diver must not be decompressed without medical assistance.Potential further collapsing of lungs)🫁
How would a diver with AGE present?
Paralysis
Vision disturbance
Loss of balance
Convulsion/collapse
(Rapid onset, usually occurs within 5minutes of surfacing ⏱) Often fatal ☠️
Immediate pressurisation to company manual/table
No decompression without medical assistance
What gas Law does Partial pressure relate too?
Henry’s Law
What factors are present in a divers susceptibility in resulting in a DCI?
Time/Depth
Age
Fitness
Cold
Fatigue
Circulation
Emotional stress
If a diver is presenting symptoms of numbness or tingling in the extremities, pain around the waist, loss of bladder control and a feeling of weakness in the legs or paralysis. What type of DCI is he experiencing?
Type 2 Spinal DCI
Bubble formation in spinal chord or sheath.
If the diver is presenting symptoms of irritability to hallucinations, paralysis down one side of the body. What type of DCI could he be experiencing?
Type 2 Cerebral DCI
Bubbles lodged in the brain, decompress and full neurological check must be carried out. 🤒
If a diver shows symptoms of localise pain in a muscle or joint. What type of DCI is he experiencing?
Type 1 Pain only DCI
Pain which occurs at point of bubble formation.
If a diver is showing symptoms of an itchy skin and a rash, what type of DCI Is he experiencing?
Type 1 Skin bend
All DCI must be treated accordingly
A diver is showing signs of loss of balance, nausea, and vertigo, ringing or roaring in the ears. What type of DCI is he experiencing?
Where does this usually happen?
Type 2 Vestibular DCI
Bubble formation in the inner ear.
Usually takes place when Changing from HEO2 to air (Pressure gradient,switching to a dencer gas),or deep excursions from sat.
If a diver was to suffer from acute 02 toxicity (PPO2 excess of 1.6), affecting the brain directly. What symptoms would he present?
VENTID;
Vision (tunnel vision)
Ear
Nausea
Twitching (facial muscles)
Irritation
Dizziness -followed by violent conversations (fast onset)
What does Anoxia mean?
A complete lack of oxygen.
Pressure gradient in lungs is reversed, oxygen passes from the bloodstream back into the lungs as the PPO2 is greater. Rapidly removing oxygen from the body.
When does Hypoxia usually occur?
When PPO2 is less than 160mb/0.16 atm
In water the minimum is usually 450-600mb
At what pressure of pN2 does nitrogen narcosis take affect, and what depth is this?
3.2 bar
ppN2 3.2. X 79 = 4.05 DA
—————-
100. =30 m
What body temperature does hyperthermia start?
39 degs
What are the symptoms of Hypoxia?
Confused
Pale blue skin
Unconsciousness
Death
What are the symptoms of Hypercapnia?
Headache
Sweating
Increased respiration
Apprehension
What are the symptoms of Hydrogen Sulphide?
Bad egg smell
Irritation of the eyes
Breathing difficulties
Severe headache
Unconscious/death at high levels
