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America 1920 - 1979 > Divided Society > Flashcards

Divided Society Flashcards

1
Q

What was prohibition?

A

It was where the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol became prohibited.

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2
Q

When was prohibition legalised?

A

In the early 1920s

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3
Q

What were the two names for prohibition?

A
  • 18th Amendment

- Volstead Act

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4
Q

Which Amendment abolished the 18th?

A

The 21st Amendment

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5
Q

When was it passed?

A

Late 1933

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6
Q

Give examples of groups who were part of the temperance societies.

A
  • Women
  • Anti-Saloon League
  • Factory owners
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7
Q

What did many women believe?

A

That alcohol was a destructive substance that damaged families and marriages.

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8
Q

What did the Anti-Saloon League believe?

A

That alcohol was corrupt and ungodly - their views were based on the rise of evangelical Protestantism

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9
Q

What did factory owners believe in?

A

The prohibition would prevent accidents and increase the efficiency of workers.

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10
Q

Where was prohibition easier to enforce and where was it harder to enforce?

A

It was easier to enforce in rural areas and small towns, and harder to enforce in urban areas.

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11
Q

By what percentage did alcohol consumption drop by?

A

30%

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12
Q

What were common ways for people to still acquire alcohol?

A
  • Bootlegging
  • Speakeasies
  • Smuggling
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13
Q

What was bootlegging?

A

The illegal manufacture and sale of alcohol

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14
Q

What were speakeasies?

A

They were secret illegal bars that sold alcohol, commonly bootlegged alcohol

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15
Q

Who was the most notorious gangster in the 1920s?

A

Al Capone

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16
Q

How much did Al Capone earn annually from bootlegging and speakeasies alone?

A

$60 million

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17
Q

What was the St Valentine’s Day Massacre?

A

In 1929, in a garage in Lincoln Park, a group of men dressed up as policemen and shot and killed 7 men. The attackers are thought to be associated with Al Capone, and the victims were of an enemy gang.

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18
Q

How many black Americans migrated from the south to the north?

A

1 million

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19
Q

What did the Jim Crow Laws do?

A
  • Legalised racial segregation in southern states
  • Black Americans could not serve on juries
  • Black schools were kept inferior to keep black Americans uneducated and prevent them from advancing in society
  • To vote, black Americans had to:
    • Pay a poll tax: Low wages made this difficult
    • Pass a literacy test: Many black Americans were illiterate due to bad school conditions
  • Forced black Americans to work in low paid and unskilled jobs
20
Q

What did the ‘Grandfather Clause’ do?

A

Prevent anyone whose grandfather was a slave from voting

21
Q

By 1920, how many immigrants arrived in America?

A

40 million

22
Q

Give some examples of push and pull factors that made people emigrate.

A
  • To escape poverty
  • To escape political persecution
  • To benefit from the religious tolerance promised in the American Bill of Rights
  • Industrialisation created the possibility for jobs with higher wages
  • Hope for equality and opportunity
23
Q

What percentage of immigrants arrived on Ellis Island?

A

More the 70%

24
Q

What tests were undergone for immigrants?

A
  • Medical tests
  • Literacy tests
  • Questioning about work and financial situation
25
Q

Give examples of economic concerns for immigration.

A
  • Immigrants were illiterate and might become a burden to society
  • They were taking jobs that Americans thought should be theirs
  • They drove down wages due to competition for jobs
  • They were used by employers to break strikes
26
Q

Give examples of political concerns for immigration.

A
  • They were thought to be associated with political corruption because of the Tammany Hall organisation
  • It was feared that they help dangerous extremist views, like anarchism and communism
  • They were thought to be unpatriotic
27
Q

Give examples of social concerns for immigration

A
  • They were blamed for alcohol abuse by temperance groups
  • Their overcrowded slums were linked to crime, violence, and prostitution
  • They were blamed for the spread of infectious diseases, like tuberculosis and cholera
  • Their different cultural and religious backgrounds were seen as un-American values
  • It was thought that they did not try hard enough to blend in into US society
28
Q

What were the two laws that were passed to restrict immigration?

A
  • The Emergency Quota Act of 1921

- The National Origins Act of 1924

29
Q

What did The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 do?

A
  • Restricted the maximum number of immigrants per year to 357’000
  • Only 3% of the total population of any overseas group already in the USA in 1910 was allowed to come into America after 1921
30
Q

What did The National Origins Act of 1924 do?

A
  • Further reduced the maximum annual number of immigrants to 150’000
  • Cut the quota to 2% based on the population in 1890
  • Prohibited Asian immigration
31
Q

What did president Calvin Coolidge say?

A

“America must be kept for the Americans”

32
Q

When did the Red Scare occur?

A

From 1917 to 1920

33
Q

What was the Red Scare?

A

The fear of communism rising in America

34
Q

Give examples of factors that heightened the Red Scare.

A
  • Industrial unrest in 1919: general strikes
  • Race riots in 23 cities in 1919
  • Discovery of 36 mail bombs in April 1919
  • Bomb destroying the front of the house of Attorney General, Mitchell Palmer
  • A bomb exploding on Wall Street, September 1920, killing 38 people.
35
Q

What did the Red Scare lead to?

A
  • Mobs and police attacking left-wing parties and parades
  • Strikes were seen as ‘red’ and workers didn’t join trade unions in case they were branded as communists
  • Increased hostility to immigrants, also leading to the immigration laws.
  • Palmer Raids and injustices, such as internment and unfair trials.
36
Q

Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?

A

Nicola Sacco Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants who had anarchist views and spoke very little English.

37
Q

What event occurred in April 1920 that Sacco and Vanzetti were accused of?

A

A paymaster and his armed guard were attacked by two men and shot. The attackers ran off with $15’000 in a stolen car.

38
Q

How did the victims describe the attackers?

A

As “slim foreigners with oily skin”

39
Q

Why did the public prejudice against Sacco and Vanzetti?

A

They were immigrants and the public was against their anarchist views

40
Q

How many witnesses did the defence have?

A

107 witnesses that stated that Sacco and Vanzetti were elsewhere during the crime

41
Q

How many witnesses did the prosecution have?

A

61 witnesses that stated they saw Sacco and Vanzetti committed the crime, they were believed

42
Q

What was the name of the man who later admitted to committing the crime?

A

Celestino Madeiros

43
Q

When were Sacco and Vanzetti executed?

A

In August 1927 - they were both executed by electrocution in Charlestown prison

44
Q

When was the Ku Klux Klan (The KKK) formed?

A

In 1865, in Pulaski, Tennesse

45
Q

What did the Klan start as and what did it become?

A

The KKK began as a private club for Confederate veterans but grew into a secret society that terrorised black, Jewish, Roman Catholic, and immigrant communities

46
Q

By 1925, how many members were in the KKK?

A

The Klan had between 3 million and 6 million members, with many millions more supporting the Klan

47
Q

What did the KKK do against black communities?

A
  • Black schools were vandalised and destroyed
  • Black citizens were attacked in the night
  • Black citizens were mutilated, tortured, murdered and lynched
  • Families were attacked and forced off their land in the south
  • They made danger a regular aspect of black lives

America 1920 - 1979 (6 decks)

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