Diversity Part 1 Flashcards
What is biodiversity?
the variety of life on Earth (~2 million species currently known to science
• product of millions of years of evolution as organisms adapt to changes in environment
• under threat from many human activities
• 3 levels:
What are the 3 levels of biodiversity?
GENETIC DIVERSITY, SPECIES DIVERSITY, STRUCTURAL
DIVERSITY
What is genetic diversity?
One of 3 levels biodiversity
sum of all the different forms of genes present in a particular species allows populations to adapt to environmental changes
helps ensure the survival of a species
What is species diversity?
1 of 3 biodiversity
the variety and abundance of species in a given area
• allows ecosystems to survive environmental changes (e.g. drought or disease)
What is structural diversity?
1 of 3 biodiversity
the range of physical sizes and shapes within a habitat or ecosystem
• e.g. forest canopy, understorey, and herb layer
• the greater the structural diversity, the greater the biodiversity
What are the two importance of biodiversity?
For ecosystems
For humans
Importance of biodiversity of the ecosystem
- ecosystems with high biodiversity tend to be healthier and more resilient to changes in the environment
Importance for biodiversity for humans
provides medicine and food
• allows for pollination of plants
• recycles nutrients (C, N, and O)
• cleans air and purifies water
• prevents floods and modifies climate
What is taxonomy?
the science of naming, identifying, and classifying
What is binomial clature?
developed in 1750s by Swedish botanist Carl
Linnaeus
• uses 2-part Latin or Greek name for every organism
•groups species according to their morphology
> the study of form and structure of organisms
• means organisms have the same name in every language
Ex of nomenclature
Genus + species
Eg Ursus americanus -> black bear
Scientific name -> common name
both bears closely related since they have the same genus
What has capitals and italics?
Ursus horribilis italics , capital for genus
Genus Species
Classification of organisms
The grouping of items according to one or two attributes.
Taxonomy provides a hierarchical relationship map between a multitude of items, while classification simply groups items.
What is modern taxonomy?
also uses evolutionary relatedness of organisms, or phylogeny the evolutionary development of a group of organisms illustrated by a “phylogenic tree” or “cladogram” common ancestry may be determined using fossils or DNA analysis
• now uses the “3-domain, 6-kingdom” system of classification
What are the 3 domains of system classification
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
What are the 8 levels of classification?
Domain.
Kingdom. Katy
Phylum. Perry
Class. Comes
Order. Over
Family. For
Genus. Grape
Species. Soda
What are the 7 kingdoms
Eubacteria, Archaea bacteria, Protista, plantae, fungi, animalia
What is Eubacteria?
What is Archaea bacteria?
What is Protista?
What is fungi?
What is Animalia?
What is the dichotomous key?
tool used to identify organisms according to certain (usually visible) characteristics
• Greek for “to cut into two”
• gives descriptions/questions in pairs
• both choices are read and followed until identification is successful (assuming correct key is used)
• 2 typical formats:
1. SPIDER
2. NUMERICAL
What are prokaryotes?
smallest (2um long), independently living things
• no nucleus → prokaryotic
• contain a single, circular chromosome in “nuclear
region”
• no membrane-bound organelles
- cell wall present
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
What kingdom is prokaryotes in?
used to be in 1 kingdom “Monera” but now in 2 kingdoms: KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA, KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
What is KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA?
• aka “ancient” bacteria that live in very harsh environments (that resemble Earth’s early conditions)
: cell walls do NOT contain peptidoglycan
What are the 3 major groups of Kingdom Archaebacteria?
Methanogen
Thermophiles
Halophiles
Methanogen
methane-producing organisms
- 1 of 3 major groups of Kingdom Archaebacteria
Thermophiles
live in very hot environments
- 1 of 3 major groups of Kingdom Archaebacteria
What are halophiles?
live in very salty water
- 1 of 3 major groups of Kingdom Archaebacteria
What is Kingdom Eubacteria?
- aka “true bacteria” and cyanobacteria live nearly everywhere
- cell walls DO contain peptidoglycan for shape and protection
What is ecoli ?
is a bacterium that normally lives in the intestines of humans and other animals. Under certain conditions, it may become pathogenic (disease causing and cause food poisoning, diarrhea, and kidney failure.
How many layers to help support this bacterium organisms?
3 layers
Capsule(outer), cell wall, cell membrane
Study bacterium parts
Understanding
What does pious do in bacterium?
Reproduction
What does circular chromosome do in bacterium?
DNA for replication
What does plasmid do in bacterium?
DNA for transformation
What does the flagellum do in bacterium?
Locomotion
What is the shape of Coccus bacterium?
One circle ( single celled spherical)
What is the shape of diplococcus bacterium?
2 circles together (occur in spherical pairs)
What is the shape of tetrad bacterium?
4 spherical shapes (spherical group of 4 cocci)
What is the shape of sarcina celled bacterium?
Spherical Cubed like shaped
What is the shape of streptococci bacterium?
Spherical Chain like
What is the shape of staphylococci bacterium?
Spherical Grape like cluster
What is the shape of bacillus bacterium?
Single celled rod
What is the shape of diplobacilli bacterium?
Occur in pairs rod
What is the shape of streptobacilli bacterium?
Chain like rods
What is the shape of vibrios bacterium?
Curved (sperm liked) eg vibrio cholera
What is the shape of spirilla bacterium?
Curved squid like Eg: helicobacter pylori
What is the shape of spirochete bacterium?
Curved lined like Eg: treponema palladum
What is obligate aerobes?
Organisms that require oxygen for survival because they rely on aerobic respiration to produce energy without 02, they can’t grow or carry out essential metabolic processes.
What is obligate anaerobe?
Cannot survive in presence of oxygen( poisoned by oxygen) rely on anaerobic respiration or fermentation
What are saprobes?
These bacteria obtain energy by decomposing dead organic matter
They play a vital role in nutrient recycling
-used for treatment of sewage
-live on soil/H2O
What is facultative anaerobe?
-versatile
-live in o2 or deprived o2 environments
-survived aerobic and anaerobic environments
Prefer o2
What is cyanobacteria?
-Prokaryotic organisms found in aquatic + terrestrial environments
- blue/green (cyan) photosynthetic bacteria/algae that use sunlight to make energy via photosynthesis.
What is an antibiotic?
-Substance or compound that inhibits the growth or kills microorganisms particularly bacteria
- used to treat bacterial infections
How does penicillin acts with binary fission?
-Penicillin disrupts bacterial binary fission
- by targeting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall specifically the peptidoglycan
What is binary fission?
- most common method of bacterial
reproduction - no condensing of chromosomes and no formation of spindle fibres (as in mitosis)
Look at binary fission cycle
Understanding
What are viruses?
- do not fit 6 kingdom system
- microscopic particles capable
of reproduction only within specific living, “host” cells - can’t grow, move, reproduce, or metabolize
- rely 100% on their host cell
-some viruses stay dormant in their host cell for years
What do viruses cause?
-cause colds
-measles
- mumps
-INFLUENZA
-VIRUS
-flu
-polio
-AIDS
- hepatitis
What are viruses composed of?
-composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA)
-capsid (protein coat)
surrounds/protects the
DNA or RNA
What does the virus coat determine?
• coat determines what type of cell (bacterial, animal, or plant) virus can infect = host range
• e.g. cold virus (narrow range) vs. rabies virus (broad range)
What are viruses used for?
- used as tools for inserting drugs or DNA into cells
• e.g. to treat cancer
• e.g. to cure genetic disorders
• e.g. to create GMOs
What are bacteriophage?
-viruses that infect and destroy bacteria
Greek for to eat
What is Viral Reproduction (lytic Cycle)?
virus must enter host cell in order to reproduce
→ infection
How long does it take for host lyses and mature phages are released in bacteriophage reproduction?
5 step
20-30 min
Bacteriophage label parts
Understanding
How long does the phage chromosome take to be injected bacteriophage cycle?
Step 1
0 min
How long does the host dna begin breaking down, phage dna synthesis begins?
Step 2
5-10 min
How long does it take for head and tail protein synthesis begin in the bacteriophage cycle?
Step 3
6-15 min
How long does it take to mature phages form in cell in the bacteriophage cycle?
Step 4
20 min
What is kingdom Protista?
cells have nuclei → eukaryotic
• cells have membrane-bound organelles
• 3 major groups
What are the 3 major groups of kingdom Protista?
- Animal-Like Protozoa
- Plant-Like
- Fungi-Like
What is Animal-Like Protozoa?give one example
- heterotrophs → must move to obtain food
- reproduce by mitosis
- in the Protista kingdom
Eg: Paramecium
What does the cilia do?
Use to Swim
What does the micro nucleus do?
Reproduction
What does the macro-nucleus do?
Control of cell activities
What are plant like protista? Give two examples
-photosynthetic autotrophs
-in the Protista kingdom
• e.g. red, brown, and green algae (big ocean producers of 02)
• e.g. Euglena (found in fresh, stagnant water
What does the flagellum do in the Structure Of A Euglena?
propulsion (action of driving or pushing forward)
What does the stigma do in the Structure Of A Euglena?
Eye spot for light detection
What are fungi like Protista?
- slime molds (leave a slime trail)
-prefer cool,damp, shady places or on decaying vegetation - in the Protista kingdom
What are the four groups of Protozoa?
Sarcodines, flagellates, ciliate,sporozoans
Importance of protists
- key producers and consumers in many ecosystems
- responsible for serious human diseases (parasitic)
such as malaria and
“beaver fever” in Ontario - source of food, such as
“nori”, the seaweed used to wrap sushi rolls
General characteristics of Protista
Membrane, found organelles plus nuclei, live in saltwater and freshwater, single celled
Representative organisms of Protista
Single celled algae, slime molds, Protozoa
lists the stages (in order) of viral replication
attachment, synthesis, assembly, release
What is morphology ?
study of the form and structure of organisms
