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Diversity of Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum Bryophyta

A

Non-vascular plants

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2
Q

Classes of Phylum Bryophyta

A

Hepatopsida (liverworts)
Anthocerotopsida (hornworts)
Bryopsida (true mosses)

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3
Q

Bryophyte Habitat

A

Mainly terrestrial, water banks, grow on rocks and trees, sometimes submerged in streams, require moisture for growth and reproduction

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4
Q

Bryophyte General Morphology

A

No vasc, lack true leaves and roots and stems, anchored by rhizoids that don’t take up nutrients, small leaf shoot is gametophyte, central region of cells with food and water transport, antheridia and archegonia

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5
Q

Marchantia

A

Liverworts, widespread, terrestrial, large lobed plant body, highly specialized air chambers and pores, gemma cup for sex repro and fragmentation for asex

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6
Q

Marchantia Reproduction

A

Antheridia on disk-like stalk, gemma cup for sperm to swim, gemma cup becomes heavy with water and breaks off to develop new gametophyte, asex repro by fragmentation

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7
Q

Anthoceros

A

Hornworts, similar to liverwort, single large chloroplast in each cell, multi-lobed gametophyte grows closely attached to soil or rock, mucilage chambers with BGA inside

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8
Q

Anthoceros Reproduction

A

Uni or bisexual, sporophyte has foot and long cylindrical sporangium, meristematic zone between foot and sporophyte so sporophyte elongates for a long time, mature sporophyte develops sporangium near apex

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9
Q

Stele

A

Makes up centre of stem and root in 1° plant body, protostele/siphonostele/eustele

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10
Q

Protostele

A

Mostly in bryophytes, solid cylinder of vascular tissue with no pith

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11
Q

Siphonostele

A

Mostly in seedless vasc, central pith (parenchyma) surrounded by vascular tissue, phloem either on outside or both sides of xylem

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12
Q

Eustele

A

1° vascular cylinder consists of discrete strands around the pith, in almost all seed plants

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13
Q

Microphyllous Leaves

A

Early leaves with 1 vein

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14
Q

Megaphyllous Leaves

A

Complex system of branching veins

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15
Q

Insect-Trapping Leaf Modification of Angiosperms

A

Grow in acidic bogs where N and P are very low so they trap and digest insects to get nutrients, highly specialized leaves close on insect when it lands on the leaf, will develop normal leaves with enough nutrients

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16
Q

Types of Insect-Trapping Leaves

A

Venus fly trap, pitcher plants, sundew, bladder wort

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17
Q

Floral Leaf Modification of Angiosperms

A

“eggs” on edges of leaves that fall off and grow a new plant, specialized leaves on bases of flower stalk (poinsettias), flower itself has no petals but brightly coloured floral bracts that surround small flowers to make up for the absence of petals (modified leaves)

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18
Q

Window Leaf Modification of Angiosperms

A

Adaptation to hot and dry, 3.7 cm leaves shaped like ice cream cones are buried in the sand and a dime sized end is exposed at the surface, exposed end covered in thick cuticle and epidermis, water storage cells under exposed surface allow light to pass through to chloroplasts, good protection in sand because of air spaces and protection from heat

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19
Q

Flower Pot Leaf Modification of Angiosperms

A

Pouches/holes for ant colonies to live in, nitrogenous waste from ants, moisture from condensation collects in leaves, provides own fertilizer, produces a special root

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20
Q

Tendril Leaf Modification of Angiosperms

A

Weak stem so leaf tightly curls around rigid object to help climb

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21
Q

Leaf Modifications

A

In angiosperms, leaves have modifications and adaptations to help preserve water as much as possible, tendrils/flower pot leaves/window leaves/ insect-trapping

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22
Q

Raunkiaers

A

Guy that grouped plants based on dormancy and how much of the plant is away from the soil, defined by length of life of shoot and position of resting bud

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23
Q

Raunkiaers’ Growth Forms

A 
panerophyte
chamaeophyte
hemicryptophyte
cryptophyte (geophyte)
hydrophyte
therophyte,
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24
Q

Panerophytes

A

Consistent shoots, body carried way above soil surface, trees and shrubs

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25
Chamaeophytes
Bud near soil surface, small hedges and bushes
26
Hemicryptophytes
Resting bud remains near soil surface
27
Cryptophytes/Geophytes
Bulbs or rhizome under soil, rest buds under soil surface
28
Therophytes
Annuals, whole plant will die and only leave seed in unfavourable period
29
Monocots
Angiosperms, one cotyledon in embryo, flower in 3s, parallel venation, no 2° growth so no vascular cambium, vascular bundles are scattered in stem, pollen grain monocolpate
30
Dicots
Angiosperms, 2 cotyledons in embryo, flower in 4s or 5s, reticulate venation, 2° growth so vascular cambium, vascular bundle in cylinder, pollen tricopate
31
Xylem in Angiosperms
Tracheids and vessel elements
32
Phloem in Angiosperms
Sieve tube member and companion cells
33
Parts of Flower
Petals, sepals, pistil (stigma, style, ovary), stamen (anther, filament), receptacle, stem
34
Perfect Flower
Both pistil and stamen
35
Imperfect Flowers
Male/stamenate or female/pistilate
36
Monoecious Flower
Male and female organs in same plant
37
Dioecious Flower
Either male or female, reproductive organs in different plants
38
Complete Flower
All 4 whorls (sepals, petals, state, pistil)
39
Angiosperms
Flowering plant, closed seed for protection
40
Angiosperm Reproduction/Lifecycle
Microsporogenisis and megasporogenesis where mother cell under goes meiosis to produce 4 cells, 3 disintegrate and 1 remains functional, 1 divides 3 times (1-2, 2-4, 4-8), pollen grain is male gametophyte but doesn't mature until landing on stigma and germinates down pollen tube to become sperm, sperm unites with egg to become zygote, endosperm around embryo provides nutrients, double fertilization, shoot and root apical meristem
41
Microsporogenesis
Development of microspore
42
Megasporogenesis
Development of megaspore
43
Bryophyte Reproduction/Lifecycle
Archegonia produces egg with protective jacket, liberated sperm swim through water to archegonia, diploid zygote develops in archegonium, embryo develops foot first for attachment of sporophyte to gametophyte, operculum falls off capsule and releases mature spores that give rise to protonema and lifecycle starts again
44
Bryophyte Foot
Special layer of cells that facilitate movement of material into the sporophyte, attaches sporophyte to gametophyte
45
Bryophyte Seta
Like a stem for spore capsules
46
Bryophyte Spore Capsule
For production and discharge of spores, tip is covered by operculum (lid) that falls to release mature spores
47
Gymnosperm Classes
Coniferopsida Cycadopsida Gynkgopsida Gnetopsida
48
Conifers
Most widespread gymnosperms, grow very tall and wide, grow in colder regions, wood used for timber and pulp and more
49
Pinus
Most common gymnosperms, grow tall, grow in colder regions
50
Pinus Needles
The only photosynthetic leaves on Pinus, grouped 1-8 in number, persists on tree for 2-14 years
51
Pinus Leaf Anatomy
Xerophytic, heavy cuticle, sunken stomata, compact mesophyll with a few air spaces and chloroplasts, resin canals, transfusion cells
52
Transfusion Cells
Cells with a thickened wall like xylem cells
53
Pinus Stem
Developed from apical meristem (active during spring and summer), narrow pith, 2° growth in older woody stems, bark outside then cortex, cork cambium, tracheas/ray parenchyma in 2° xylem
54
Pinus Bark
May reach 30 cm thick, includes periderm and part of 2° phloem
55
Pinus Root
Tap root, protostele surrounded by narrow pericycle then prominent endodermis then extensive cortex and the epidermis, root hairs, 2° growth is woody, mycorrhizal fungi in younger portion that help with nutrient uptake
56
Pinus Pollination
Axis elongates to make spaces, microsporangia releases cloud of coloured/sulfur/dust-like pollen, pollen transported by wind, axis of megastrobili elongates to form fissures between scales for pollen to enter and come into contact with tip of ovule through micropyle
57
Maturation of Female Gametophyte in Pinus sp.
Functional megaspore in each ovule initiates development of female gametophyte in a series of free nuclear division, tissues of megastrobili enlarge, mature female gametophyte differentiates into 2 or 3 archegonia near end of micropyle
58
Maturation of Male Gametophyte in Pinus sp.
Pollen grain is stranded on surface of pollen chamber, pollination droplet disappears and pollen is germinated to form pollen tube which parasitically digests the tissue of the megasporangium and gives sperm to mature archegonia, matures while invading megasporangium, generative cell divides into 2 cells that become sperms
59
Pinus Fertilization
Pollen grain and tube presents mature gametophyte, union of a sperm nucleus to an egg nucleus fertilizes zygote
60
Pinus Embryogeny
Only 1 embryo present, zygote nucleus undergoes free nuclear division to form 4 free nuclei that migrate to the base of the archegonium and divide twice more to make 16 nuclear cells that form the proembryo (4 tiers of 4 cells), 4 most basal cells form embryo while other 12 cells elongate to form suspensor
61
Pinus Seed Development
Cells of integument harden by thickening of cells during embryogeny, appendages that bear ovules enlarge and harden, megastrobilus is extremely hard and strong by the time the embryo becomes dormant, ovules enlarge a lot, hardened part is seed coat
62
Ginkgoopsida
Only living species is Ginkgo biloba, deciduous trees, attractive leaves light green in spring and yellow in fall, good for shade and resistance to pollution/fire/disease, outer fleshy layer of female seed decays and produces butyric acid that smells like rancid butter
63
Ginkgo biloba General Morphology
Strong central stem and ascending branches in younger tree, produce round crown when mature, may reach up to 30 m, 2 kinds of branches - long shoot and spur shoot, deciduous, fan-shaped leaves
64
Long Shoot
In Gingko biloba, indeterminate growth, scattered leaves, spongy and palisade mesophyll, narrow pith, wider vascular cylinder, thin cortex
65
Spur Shoot
In Gingko biloba, limited growth, less differentiated mesophyll, wide pith, narrow xylem, wide cortex
66
Ginkgo biloba Leaves
Deciduous, slender petioles, fan-shaped leaves, stomata on lower surface, dichotomous venation,
67
Ginkgo biloba Stem
Long shoot and spur shoot, 2° xylem of tracheid cells, mucilage canals in pith and cortex, cork cambium outside cortex and then cork, abundant lenticels
68
Lenticels
Facilitate gaseous exchange
69
Orders of Gnetopsida
Ephredales Welwitschiales Gnetales
70
Gnetopsida
Closest to current plant, vessel elements in 2° xylem, male and female cones are in compound cones, initial integuments/sporophyll/bracteoles surround integument, bract-like appendages surround pollen sac in male cones, micropyle projects as long tube, opposite or whorled leaves, no resin canals
71
Ephedra
Genus of ephedrales, generally shrubby, may reach height of 2 m, multi-branched, underground rhizomes, leaves are opposite in whorls of 3 or 4 per node
72
Ephedra Stem
Slightly ribbed/scale-like, thick epidermis with sunken stomata on bottom of grooves, 1° and 2° growth
73
Free Nuclear Division
Nucleus divides many times and will later develop cell walls
74
Gnetum
Only genus of Gnetales, in wet tropical forests, some shrubs and very few trees so mostly lians, broad leaves with reticule venation, leaves like dicot angiosperm leaves is closest gymnosperm to flowering plant, dioecious, some species grown to eat young leaves/seed/cones, strong fibres in bark used to make rope
75
Gnetum Reproduction
Male strobilus axis bears succession of about 8 sheaths and each one has a whorl of male-like flowers, female strobili sheaths have a whorl of female flowers, pollination by wind and insects attracted to sugary drop from ovules, entry of pollen into micropyle initiates growth of ovule
76
Examples of Cycadales
Cycas and zamia, quite representative of the order
77
Cycas
Genus of Cycadales/Gymnosperms, resemble a tree fern or pinnately-leaved palms
78
Cycadales Leaves
Pinnately compound leaves arranged helically around stem, tough leaves with well developed spines that make it dangerous to touch, develop abscission layer that develops a petiole, forms a leaf base after abscission, # of leaf bases can tell age, leathery texture, xenomorphic, heavy cuticle, sunken stomata, mostly 1 vein
79
Cycadales Stem
Develops from apical meristem, limited 2° growth, mucilage canals and lots of starch in pith and cortex, transfusion cells, periderm, gridding pattering of leaf traces
80
Cycadales Root
Large 1° root, up to 12 m long, lots of xylem, protostele, negative geotropism, grow on or above surface for gaseous interchange, endosymbiotic BGA
81
Seed Plants
Gymnosperms, agriculture depends on cultivation and harvest of seed plants, single most important cultural change, allowed to transition from hunter-gatherer lifestyle to permanent settlements, adapted to survive and reproduce in more diverse terrestrial habitats, became main plants and huge part of food webs
82
Reproductive Adaptations of Seed Plants
Reduction of gametophyte, seed, evolution of pollen
83
Progymnospermopsida
Primitive ovulate plants, no living plants, stage with conifer-like anatomy and morphology when they were still producing spores, stem-central pith surrounded by 1° xylem and 2° xylem outside
84
Order Hydropteridales
(Salvinales and Marsileales) | Genuses: Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla
85
Marsilia General Morphology
Elongate branching , leaves in alternate rows on opposite sides of the stem, 4 clove shaped leaves, perennial, stem embedded in mud, internodes long in aqueous environment
86
Types of Leaves in Mature Marsilia
Floating, submerged, areal leaves
87
Marsilia Leaf
Slightly sunken stomata on both sides, differentiated mesophyll, veins, smaller leaves without cuticle in submerged leaves
88
Marsilia Stem
Siphonostele with pith, xylem with inner and outer phloem, stele surrounded by pericycle and then endodermis, parenchymatous cortex interrupted by large air chambers
89
Marsilia Roots
Develop from nodes of stem, protostele surrounded by pericycle then endodermis, outer part of cortex has air chambers and then epidermis
90
Marsilia Reproduction
Sporangia born in sporocarp, sporocarp on short lateral branches of petiole, sporocarp start soft and green but become hard brown nut-like, sporangia develop 32-64 spores, apex of receptacle inside sporangia with a single megaspore that matures in each of the sporangia, microspores are born on flank of receptacle, both types of spores
91
Osmundales General Morphology
Small tree, stem growth from a single apical cell, stem terminates in a crown of bipinnate leaves, thin lamina without stomata, circinate venation in leaves, curled arrangement of leaves and leaflet in the bud results in more rapid growth on one side than the other
92
Osmundales Stem
Protostele, phloem surrounds xylem then epidermis, xylem continuity breaks at departure of leaf to form leaf gap
93
Osmundales Reproduction
Each sporangium born on a short stalk, spores mature and germinate, antheridia develop on lower side of margin, archegonia on lower surface but closer to centre
94
Class Polypodiopsida
Megaphyllous compound leaves, homo and heterosporous, tracheids and phloem, no 2° growth, simple autotrophic gametophyte that produces multi-flagellate sperm, eu or leptosporangiate
95
Eusporangiate
Massive, produce indefinitely large # of spores, wall of sporangia is more than 1 layer in thickness
96
Leptosporangiate
Small, produces 32-64 spores
97
Orders of living Polydiopsida
``` Marattiales Ophioglossales Psilotales Osmundales Salvinales Marsiliales ```
98
Psilotum (Whisk Ferns) General Morphology
2 living genera of polypodiopsida, tropical and subtropical, dichotomously branched leaves, whole plant is no more than 30 cm, underground rhizome produces rhizoids, pentagonal stem
99
Tmesipteris sp
Rhizome system, unbranched axis, large flattened leaves, microphyllous leaves, good example of psilotales
100
Order Psilotales Genuses
Psiloum and Tmesipteris
101
Polydiopsida General Morphology
Eusporangiate
102
Orders of Class Lycopodiopsida
Lycopodiales Selaginellales Isoetales
103
Subphylum Pteriophytina
Lycophytina, lycopodiopsida, plants with laterally derived sporangia
104
Subphylum Pteriophyina
Equisetales (horsetails), plants with terminally derived sporangia
105
Orders of Class Polypodiopsida
``` Psilotales Ophioglossum Osmundales Polypodiales Hydropteridales (Marsileales and Salvinales) ```
106
Genuses of Order Ophioglassales
Ophioglossum (adders tongue) and Botrychium (grape fern)
107
Genuses of Order Polypodiales
Adiantum and Thelypteris
108
Genuses of Hydropteridales (Marsileales and Salvinales)
Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla
109
Classes of Angiosperm
Monocots and dicots

Diversity of Plants (1 decks)

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