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Diversity of Plants > Diversity of Plants > Flashcards

Diversity of Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum Bryophyta

A

Non-vascular plants

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2
Q

Classes of Phylum Bryophyta

A

Hepatopsida (liverworts)
Anthocerotopsida (hornworts)
Bryopsida (true mosses)

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3
Q

Bryophyte Habitat

A

Mainly terrestrial, water banks, grow on rocks and trees, sometimes submerged in streams, require moisture for growth and reproduction

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4
Q

Bryophyte General Morphology

A

No vasc, lack true leaves and roots and stems, anchored by rhizoids that don’t take up nutrients, small leaf shoot is gametophyte, central region of cells with food and water transport, antheridia and archegonia

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5
Q

Marchantia

A

Liverworts, widespread, terrestrial, large lobed plant body, highly specialized air chambers and pores, gemma cup for sex repro and fragmentation for asex

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6
Q

Marchantia Reproduction

A

Antheridia on disk-like stalk, gemma cup for sperm to swim, gemma cup becomes heavy with water and breaks off to develop new gametophyte, asex repro by fragmentation

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7
Q

Anthoceros

A

Hornworts, similar to liverwort, single large chloroplast in each cell, multi-lobed gametophyte grows closely attached to soil or rock, mucilage chambers with BGA inside

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8
Q

Anthoceros Reproduction

A

Uni or bisexual, sporophyte has foot and long cylindrical sporangium, meristematic zone between foot and sporophyte so sporophyte elongates for a long time, mature sporophyte develops sporangium near apex

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9
Q

Stele

A

Makes up centre of stem and root in 1° plant body, protostele/siphonostele/eustele

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10
Q

Protostele

A

Mostly in bryophytes, solid cylinder of vascular tissue with no pith

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11
Q

Siphonostele

A

Mostly in seedless vasc, central pith (parenchyma) surrounded by vascular tissue, phloem either on outside or both sides of xylem

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12
Q

Eustele

A

1° vascular cylinder consists of discrete strands around the pith, in almost all seed plants

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13
Q

Microphyllous Leaves

A

Early leaves with 1 vein

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14
Q

Megaphyllous Leaves

A

Complex system of branching veins

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15
Q

Insect-Trapping Leaf Modification of Angiosperms

A

Grow in acidic bogs where N and P are very low so they trap and digest insects to get nutrients, highly specialized leaves close on insect when it lands on the leaf, will develop normal leaves with enough nutrients

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16
Q

Types of Insect-Trapping Leaves

A

Venus fly trap, pitcher plants, sundew, bladder wort

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17
Q

Floral Leaf Modification of Angiosperms

A

“eggs” on edges of leaves that fall off and grow a new plant, specialized leaves on bases of flower stalk (poinsettias), flower itself has no petals but brightly coloured floral bracts that surround small flowers to make up for the absence of petals (modified leaves)

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18
Q

Window Leaf Modification of Angiosperms

A

Adaptation to hot and dry, 3.7 cm leaves shaped like ice cream cones are buried in the sand and a dime sized end is exposed at the surface, exposed end covered in thick cuticle and epidermis, water storage cells under exposed surface allow light to pass through to chloroplasts, good protection in sand because of air spaces and protection from heat

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19
Q

Flower Pot Leaf Modification of Angiosperms

A

Pouches/holes for ant colonies to live in, nitrogenous waste from ants, moisture from condensation collects in leaves, provides own fertilizer, produces a special root

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20
Q

Tendril Leaf Modification of Angiosperms

A

Weak stem so leaf tightly curls around rigid object to help climb

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21
Q

Leaf Modifications

A

In angiosperms, leaves have modifications and adaptations to help preserve water as much as possible, tendrils/flower pot leaves/window leaves/ insect-trapping

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22
Q

Raunkiaers

A

Guy that grouped plants based on dormancy and how much of the plant is away from the soil, defined by length of life of shoot and position of resting bud

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23
Q

Raunkiaers’ Growth Forms

A 
panerophyte
chamaeophyte
hemicryptophyte
cryptophyte (geophyte)
hydrophyte
therophyte,
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24
Q

Panerophytes

A

Consistent shoots, body carried way above soil surface, trees and shrubs

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25
Q

Chamaeophytes

A

Bud near soil surface, small hedges and bushes

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26
Q

Hemicryptophytes

A

Resting bud remains near soil surface

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27
Q

Cryptophytes/Geophytes

A

Bulbs or rhizome under soil, rest buds under soil surface

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28
Q

Therophytes

A

Annuals, whole plant will die and only leave seed in unfavourable period

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29
Q

Monocots

A

Angiosperms, one cotyledon in embryo, flower in 3s, parallel venation, no 2° growth so no vascular cambium, vascular bundles are scattered in stem, pollen grain monocolpate

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30
Q

Dicots

A

Angiosperms, 2 cotyledons in embryo, flower in 4s or 5s, reticulate venation, 2° growth so vascular cambium, vascular bundle in cylinder, pollen tricopate

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31
Q

Xylem in Angiosperms

A

Tracheids and vessel elements

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32
Q

Phloem in Angiosperms

A

Sieve tube member and companion cells

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33
Q

Parts of Flower

A

Petals, sepals, pistil (stigma, style, ovary), stamen (anther, filament), receptacle, stem

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34
Q

Perfect Flower

A

Both pistil and stamen

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35
Q

Imperfect Flowers

A

Male/stamenate or female/pistilate

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36
Q

Monoecious Flower

A

Male and female organs in same plant

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37
Q

Dioecious Flower

A

Either male or female, reproductive organs in different plants

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38
Q

Complete Flower

A

All 4 whorls (sepals, petals, state, pistil)

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39
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plant, closed seed for protection

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40
Q

Angiosperm Reproduction/Lifecycle

A

Microsporogenisis and megasporogenesis where mother cell under goes meiosis to produce 4 cells, 3 disintegrate and 1 remains functional, 1 divides 3 times (1-2, 2-4, 4-8), pollen grain is male gametophyte but doesn’t mature until landing on stigma and germinates down pollen tube to become sperm, sperm unites with egg to become zygote, endosperm around embryo provides nutrients, double fertilization, shoot and root apical meristem

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41
Q

Microsporogenesis

A

Development of microspore

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42
Q

Megasporogenesis

A

Development of megaspore

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43
Q

Bryophyte Reproduction/Lifecycle

A

Archegonia produces egg with protective jacket, liberated sperm swim through water to archegonia, diploid zygote develops in archegonium, embryo develops foot first for attachment of sporophyte to gametophyte, operculum falls off capsule and releases mature spores that give rise to protonema and lifecycle starts again

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44
Q

Bryophyte Foot

A

Special layer of cells that facilitate movement of material into the sporophyte, attaches sporophyte to gametophyte

45
Q

Bryophyte Seta

A

Like a stem for spore capsules

46
Q

Bryophyte Spore Capsule

A

For production and discharge of spores, tip is covered by operculum (lid) that falls to release mature spores

47
Q

Gymnosperm Classes

A

Coniferopsida
Cycadopsida
Gynkgopsida
Gnetopsida

48
Q

Conifers

A

Most widespread gymnosperms, grow very tall and wide, grow in colder regions, wood used for timber and pulp and more

49
Q

Pinus

A

Most common gymnosperms, grow tall, grow in colder regions

50
Q

Pinus Needles

A

The only photosynthetic leaves on Pinus, grouped 1-8 in number, persists on tree for 2-14 years

51
Q

Pinus Leaf Anatomy

A

Xerophytic, heavy cuticle, sunken stomata, compact mesophyll with a few air spaces and chloroplasts, resin canals, transfusion cells

52
Q

Transfusion Cells

A

Cells with a thickened wall like xylem cells

53
Q

Pinus Stem

A

Developed from apical meristem (active during spring and summer), narrow pith, 2° growth in older woody stems, bark outside then cortex, cork cambium, tracheas/ray parenchyma in 2° xylem

54
Q

Pinus Bark

A

May reach 30 cm thick, includes periderm and part of 2° phloem

55
Q

Pinus Root

A

Tap root, protostele surrounded by narrow pericycle then prominent endodermis then extensive cortex and the epidermis, root hairs, 2° growth is woody, mycorrhizal fungi in younger portion that help with nutrient uptake

56
Q

Pinus Pollination

A

Axis elongates to make spaces, microsporangia releases cloud of coloured/sulfur/dust-like pollen, pollen transported by wind, axis of megastrobili elongates to form fissures between scales for pollen to enter and come into contact with tip of ovule through micropyle

57
Q

Maturation of Female Gametophyte in Pinus sp.

A

Functional megaspore in each ovule initiates development of female gametophyte in a series of free nuclear division, tissues of megastrobili enlarge, mature female gametophyte differentiates into 2 or 3 archegonia near end of micropyle

58
Q

Maturation of Male Gametophyte in Pinus sp.

A

Pollen grain is stranded on surface of pollen chamber, pollination droplet disappears and pollen is germinated to form pollen tube which parasitically digests the tissue of the megasporangium and gives sperm to mature archegonia, matures while invading megasporangium, generative cell divides into 2 cells that become sperms

59
Q

Pinus Fertilization

A

Pollen grain and tube presents mature gametophyte, union of a sperm nucleus to an egg nucleus fertilizes zygote

60
Q

Pinus Embryogeny

A

Only 1 embryo present, zygote nucleus undergoes free nuclear division to form 4 free nuclei that migrate to the base of the archegonium and divide twice more to make 16 nuclear cells that form the proembryo (4 tiers of 4 cells), 4 most basal cells form embryo while other 12 cells elongate to form suspensor

61
Q

Pinus Seed Development

A

Cells of integument harden by thickening of cells during embryogeny, appendages that bear ovules enlarge and harden, megastrobilus is extremely hard and strong by the time the embryo becomes dormant, ovules enlarge a lot, hardened part is seed coat

62
Q

Ginkgoopsida

A

Only living species is Ginkgo biloba, deciduous trees, attractive leaves light green in spring and yellow in fall, good for shade and resistance to pollution/fire/disease, outer fleshy layer of female seed decays and produces butyric acid that smells like rancid butter

63
Q

Ginkgo biloba General Morphology

A

Strong central stem and ascending branches in younger tree, produce round crown when mature, may reach up to 30 m, 2 kinds of branches - long shoot and spur shoot, deciduous, fan-shaped leaves

64
Q

Long Shoot

A

In Gingko biloba, indeterminate growth, scattered leaves, spongy and palisade mesophyll, narrow pith, wider vascular cylinder, thin cortex

65
Q

Spur Shoot

A

In Gingko biloba, limited growth, less differentiated mesophyll, wide pith, narrow xylem, wide cortex

66
Q

Ginkgo biloba Leaves

A

Deciduous, slender petioles, fan-shaped leaves, stomata on lower surface, dichotomous venation,

67
Q

Ginkgo biloba Stem

A

Long shoot and spur shoot, 2° xylem of tracheid cells, mucilage canals in pith and cortex, cork cambium outside cortex and then cork, abundant lenticels

68
Q

Lenticels

A

Facilitate gaseous exchange

69
Q

Orders of Gnetopsida

A

Ephredales
Welwitschiales
Gnetales

70
Q

Gnetopsida

A

Closest to current plant, vessel elements in 2° xylem, male and female cones are in compound cones, initial integuments/sporophyll/bracteoles surround integument, bract-like appendages surround pollen sac in male cones, micropyle projects as long tube, opposite or whorled leaves, no resin canals

71
Q

Ephedra

A

Genus of ephedrales, generally shrubby, may reach height of 2 m, multi-branched, underground rhizomes, leaves are opposite in whorls of 3 or 4 per node

72
Q

Ephedra Stem

A

Slightly ribbed/scale-like, thick epidermis with sunken stomata on bottom of grooves, 1° and 2° growth

73
Q

Free Nuclear Division

A

Nucleus divides many times and will later develop cell walls

74
Q

Gnetum

A

Only genus of Gnetales, in wet tropical forests, some shrubs and very few trees so mostly lians, broad leaves with reticule venation, leaves like dicot angiosperm leaves is closest gymnosperm to flowering plant, dioecious, some species grown to eat young leaves/seed/cones, strong fibres in bark used to make rope

75
Q

Gnetum Reproduction

A

Male strobilus axis bears succession of about 8 sheaths and each one has a whorl of male-like flowers, female strobili sheaths have a whorl of female flowers, pollination by wind and insects attracted to sugary drop from ovules, entry of pollen into micropyle initiates growth of ovule

76
Q

Examples of Cycadales

A

Cycas and zamia, quite representative of the order

77
Q

Cycas

A

Genus of Cycadales/Gymnosperms, resemble a tree fern or pinnately-leaved palms

78
Q

Cycadales Leaves

A

Pinnately compound leaves arranged helically around stem, tough leaves with well developed spines that make it dangerous to touch, develop abscission layer that develops a petiole, forms a leaf base after abscission, # of leaf bases can tell age, leathery texture, xenomorphic, heavy cuticle, sunken stomata, mostly 1 vein

79
Q

Cycadales Stem

A

Develops from apical meristem, limited 2° growth, mucilage canals and lots of starch in pith and cortex, transfusion cells, periderm, gridding pattering of leaf traces

80
Q

Cycadales Root

A

Large 1° root, up to 12 m long, lots of xylem, protostele, negative geotropism, grow on or above surface for gaseous interchange, endosymbiotic BGA

81
Q

Seed Plants

A

Gymnosperms, agriculture depends on cultivation and harvest of seed plants, single most important cultural change, allowed to transition from hunter-gatherer lifestyle to permanent settlements, adapted to survive and reproduce in more diverse terrestrial habitats, became main plants and huge part of food webs

82
Q

Reproductive Adaptations of Seed Plants

A

Reduction of gametophyte, seed, evolution of pollen

83
Q

Progymnospermopsida

A

Primitive ovulate plants, no living plants, stage with conifer-like anatomy and morphology when they were still producing spores, stem-central pith surrounded by 1° xylem and 2° xylem outside

84
Q

Order Hydropteridales

A

(Salvinales and Marsileales)

Genuses: Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla

85
Q

Marsilia General Morphology

A

Elongate branching , leaves in alternate rows on opposite sides of the stem, 4 clove shaped leaves, perennial, stem embedded in mud, internodes long in aqueous environment

86
Q

Types of Leaves in Mature Marsilia

A

Floating, submerged, areal leaves

87
Q

Marsilia Leaf

A

Slightly sunken stomata on both sides, differentiated mesophyll, veins, smaller leaves without cuticle in submerged leaves

88
Q

Marsilia Stem

A

Siphonostele with pith, xylem with inner and outer phloem, stele surrounded by pericycle and then endodermis, parenchymatous cortex interrupted by large air chambers

89
Q

Marsilia Roots

A

Develop from nodes of stem, protostele surrounded by pericycle then endodermis, outer part of cortex has air chambers and then epidermis

90
Q

Marsilia Reproduction

A

Sporangia born in sporocarp, sporocarp on short lateral branches of petiole, sporocarp start soft and green but become hard brown nut-like, sporangia develop 32-64 spores, apex of receptacle inside sporangia with a single megaspore that matures in each of the sporangia, microspores are born on flank of receptacle, both types of spores

91
Q

Osmundales General Morphology

A

Small tree, stem growth from a single apical cell, stem terminates in a crown of bipinnate leaves, thin lamina without stomata, circinate venation in leaves, curled arrangement of leaves and leaflet in the bud results in more rapid growth on one side than the other

92
Q

Osmundales Stem

A

Protostele, phloem surrounds xylem then epidermis, xylem continuity breaks at departure of leaf to form leaf gap

93
Q

Osmundales Reproduction

A

Each sporangium born on a short stalk, spores mature and germinate, antheridia develop on lower side of margin, archegonia on lower surface but closer to centre

94
Q

Class Polypodiopsida

A

Megaphyllous compound leaves, homo and heterosporous, tracheids and phloem, no 2° growth, simple autotrophic gametophyte that produces multi-flagellate sperm, eu or leptosporangiate

95
Q

Eusporangiate

A

Massive, produce indefinitely large # of spores, wall of sporangia is more than 1 layer in thickness

96
Q

Leptosporangiate

A

Small, produces 32-64 spores

97
Q

Orders of living Polydiopsida

A 
Marattiales
Ophioglossales
Psilotales
Osmundales
Salvinales
Marsiliales
98
Q

Psilotum (Whisk Ferns) General Morphology

A

2 living genera of polypodiopsida, tropical and subtropical, dichotomously branched leaves, whole plant is no more than 30 cm, underground rhizome produces rhizoids, pentagonal stem

99
Q

Tmesipteris sp

A

Rhizome system, unbranched axis, large flattened leaves, microphyllous leaves, good example of psilotales

100
Q

Order Psilotales Genuses

A

Psiloum and Tmesipteris

101
Q

Polydiopsida General Morphology

A

Eusporangiate

102
Q

Orders of Class Lycopodiopsida

A

Lycopodiales
Selaginellales
Isoetales

103
Q

Subphylum Pteriophytina

A

Lycophytina, lycopodiopsida, plants with laterally derived sporangia

104
Q

Subphylum Pteriophyina

A

Equisetales (horsetails), plants with terminally derived sporangia

105
Q

Orders of Class Polypodiopsida

A 
Psilotales
Ophioglossum
Osmundales
Polypodiales
Hydropteridales (Marsileales and Salvinales)
106
Q

Genuses of Order Ophioglassales

A

Ophioglossum (adders tongue) and Botrychium (grape fern)

107
Q

Genuses of Order Polypodiales

A

Adiantum and Thelypteris

108
Q

Genuses of Hydropteridales (Marsileales and Salvinales)

A

Marsilea, Salvinia, Azolla

109
Q

Classes of Angiosperm

A

Monocots and dicots

Diversity of Plants (1 decks)

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