Diversity Of Microorganism Flashcards
-Photosynthetic eukaryotes
-Sizes range from tiny, unicellular, microscopic to large and multicellular.
-Found in freshwater, salt water, in wet soil or wet rocks.
-Most are photoautotroph
Algae
Some algal cells have
-pellicle
-stigma
-flagella
-Diatoms
-Microscopic, unicellular, live in both freshwater and salt water
-Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophylls
-Attractive, geometric and varied appearance
Phylum Bacillariophyta
the cell walls of Phylum Bacillariophyta contains
SiO2
-Microscopic, unicellular, flagellated and often photosynthetic
-Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins
-Causes “red tide”
Phylum
Dinoflagellata- Dinoflagellates
neurotoxins causes
paralytic shellfish poisoning
-Green algae
-Cellulose cell walls
-Unicellular or multicellular
-Chlorophyll a and b
-Store glucose polymer
-Gave rise to plants
Phylum Chlorophyta
filamentous alga
Spirogyra
unicellular, biflagellated, one chlorophyll and stigma
Chlamydomonas
multicellular alga, biflagellated cells arranged to form a sphere
Volvox
unicellular, resembles banana
Desmids
-Brown algae
-Cellulose + alginic acid cell walls
-Multicellular
-Few are microscopic
-Chlorophyll a and c, xanthophylls
-Store carbohydrates
-Phylum Phaeophyta
-Phylum Rhodophyta
Phylum Phaeophyta are harvested for
Alginin
Phylum Rhodophyta are harvested for
Algin
-absorbs water quickly, which makes it useful as an additive in dehydrated products such as slimming aids, and in the manufacture of paper and textiles.
-also used for waterproofing and fireproofing fabrics, as a gelling agent, for thickening drinks, ice cream and cosmetics, and as a detoxifier that can absorb poisonous metals from the blood.
Alginin
-used to make jellies, puddings and custards.
-Used throughout the world to provide a solid surface containing medium for the growth of bacteria and fungi.
-Used for electrophoretic separation in agarose gel electrophoresis
Agar
-used in the food and other industries as thickening and stabilizing agents.
-Desserts, ice cream, milk shakes, sweetened condensed milks, sauces.
-Pharmaceuticals — used as an inactive excipient in pills/tablets
Carrageenan
-Golden algae
-Some colorless, but the vast majority are photosynthetic
-Important in lakes
-Facultatively heterotrophic
-Chlorophyll c, carotenoids and xanthophylls Some colorless, but the vast majority are photosynthetic
Phylum chrysophyta
-Euglenoids
-Possessed both algae and protozoan characteristics
-Contain stigma and flagellum
-Chlorophyll a as the primary photosynthetic
pigment and chlorophyll b and carotenoids
-Remaining two-thirds are either facultatively or,
like animals, fully heterotrophic
Phylum Euglenophyta
Medical significance of algae
-prototheca
-phycotoxins
-causes protothecosis, lives on soil.
-Can enter wounds on feet
Prototheca
secretion, poisonous to humans fish and other animals
Phycotoxins
-Eukaryotic, unicellular, animal-like, and motile
-No cell walls, pellicle serves for protection
-Symbiotic relationship (in termites
Protozoa
Feeding state of a protozoa
Trophozoite
Some protozoans produces
Cysts(dormant stage)
Protozoans reproduces by
-Asexual reproduction by fission, budding, or schizogony
- Sexual reproduction by conjugation
Pumps out water
Contractile vacuole (in amoeba and paramecium)
Pathogens of protozoans
(malaria, giardiasis, African Sleeping sickness and amebic dysentery
-Move by cilia
-Complex cells
Ciliates
Example of ciliates
-Balantidium coli
-vorticella
Move by pseudopods,
Amoebae
Examples if amoebae
-Entamoeba – dysentery and extraintestinal abscesses
-Acanthamoeba- eye infection
-Cryptosporidium parvum- cryptosporidiosis
-Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, found almost everywhere
-Some are Saprophytic, others Parasitic
-Most are decomposers (organic matter/ leather
and plastics, spoilage of jams, pickles, etc.) some beneficial (prod’n cheese, wine, drugs: cyclosporine & penicillin)
Fungi
Study of fungi
Mycology
Unicellular fungi
Yeast
yeasts divide symmetrically
Fission
yeasts divide asymmetrically
Budding
string of elongated buds
Pseudohypha
thick-walled spore-like
Chlamydosphores
-fungi seen in water & food
-Fungal thallus consists of hyphae
Molds
a mass of hyphae
Mycelium
How many died in the great potato famine
1 million
-potato blight mold in Ireland
Phytophthora infestans
In what year was the great potato famine
1845, 1846, 1848
proved that fungus caused the
blight
Antoine de Bary
Importance of molds
-Antibiotics from Penicillium and Cephalosporium.
-Some for production of large quantities of enzymes (amylase, citric acid, organic acids)
-Molds provide flavor in diff. types of cheeses (,
camembert, limburger).
Large fungi
Fleshy fungi
Examples of fleshy fungi
-Mushroom
-toadstools
-puffballs
-bracket fungi
Toxic fungi causes
permanent liver and brain damage or death if ingested
Fungal Infections (Mycoses)
a. Superficial mycoses -outermost are
b. Cutaneous mycoses -Living layer of the skin
c. Opportunistic mycoses -Caused by normal
microbiota or fungi that are normally nonpathogenic
d. Subcutaneous mycoses -beneath the skin
e. Systemic mycoses -deep within the body
breaks material down
Decomposers
absorbs nutrients from dead
Saprophyte (saprobe)
obtain nutrients from living organisms
Parasites
Multiple flagella
Flagellates
Examples of flagellates
-Giardia lamblia
-Trichomonas vaginalis (no cyst stage)
-No pseudopodia, flagella or cilia
-Non-motile
Sporozoa
Example of sporozoa
Plasmodium ssp.
-No chlorophyll
-Many are unicellular (yeast)
-Others grow as filaments called hyphae, which
intertwine to form a mass called mycelia (thallus).
Fungi
The cell wall of a fungi contains
Chitin
contains
multinucleated cytoplasm (coenocytic)
aseptate hyphae
Fungi are divided into
5 phyla
Lower fungi
Zygomycotina and Chytridiomycotina
Higher fungi
Ascomycotina and Basisiomycotina
Fungi imperfecti
Deuteromycotina
are yeastlike at 37°C and moldlike at 25°C
Dimorphic fungi
Examples of dimorphic fungi
Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis) Sporothrix schenckii (sporotrichosis) Coccidioides immitis (coccidiomycosis) Blastomyces dermatitidis (blastomycosis)
Produce sexual and asexual spores.
Teleomorphic fungi
-Produce asexual spores only.
-rRNA sequencing places most in Ascomycota,
a few are Basidiomycota
-Penicillium
Anamorphic fungi
Examples of anamorphic fungi
-Stachybotrys
-Coccidioides
-Pneumocystis (systemic mycoses)
-Candida albicans (Cutaneous mycoses)
Fungal + algae =
Lichens
-Found in soil, rotting logs
-Have both fungal and protozoal chars. & interesting life cycles
-Start out in life as independent amoebae
Slime molds
Motile, multicellular form
Slug
-Resemble amoebas, ingest bacteria by phagocytosis
-Cells aggregate into stalked fruiting body.
-Some cells become spores
Cellular slime molds
-Multinucleated large cells
-Cytoplasm separates into stalked sporangia
-Nuclei undergo meiosis and form uninucleated
haploid spores
Plasmodial slime molds
