Diversity of Living Things Flashcards
List the 6 kingdoms and state their cell type, karyote type, trophic and an example
- Eubacteria, unicellular, prokaryotic, heterotrophic, e.coli and salmonella
- Archaebacteria, uni, pro, extreme thermophiles
- Protista, multi, eu, hetero, amoaeba, kelp
- Fungi, multi, eu, hetero, mushrooms
- Plantae, multi, eu, auto, mosses
- Animalia, eu, hetero, elephants
Explain binomial nomenclature
Two terms are used to identify a living thing. First name is the genus and the second is the specific species.
Explain the levels of classification.
Kingdoms - most basic classification. Based on how they get food, number of cells in their body and the types of cells they have
Phylum - Physical similarities of the animals within a kingdom
Classes - further classifying those in each phylum, humans are in Mammal Class because we drink milk as babies
Order - A taxonomy key is used to place each species into an order
Families - They have more in common than any of the above classifications. Species in each family are said to be related to each other.
Genus - Describes an organism’s generic name
Species - The lowest level, most specific
What is a dichotomous key?
A tool used to determine the identity of an organism.
Explain the structure of a virus.
Not made up of cells. Have a head which is made up of protein and contains nucleic acid (DNA or RNA). Attached to a tail and tail fibres.
Why can’t viruses reproduce on their own?
Viruses do not have any of the materials required to replicate DNA.
Explain the lytic cycle.
- Virus recognizes host cell and attaches to it. Injects viral genes into host cell.
- Viral DNA uses host cell’s enzymes and organelles to make ciral DNA and coat proteins
- The new viral components are assembled into hundreds of clones of the virus
- Viruses produce lytic enzymes that cause the host cell to lyse, releasing the virus and causing the cell to die
Explain the lysogenic cycle.
- Virus enters host cell, viral DNA combines with host cell’s DNA
- When the cell copies its DNA, the viral DNA is copied too
- Viral DNA may become active and cause the host cell ro manufacture viruses and start the lytic cycle
Compare the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle
Lytic cycle: takes over host DNA, releases new viruses after infection, viral symptoms are immediate
Lysogenic cycle: becomes part of host DNA, releases new viruses after many dormant generations, viral symptoms are delayed.
What are vaccines?
Can prevent viral diseases.
Are a weakened form of the virus (same shape, but cannot cause the illness).
The immune system reacts to the vaccine by producing antibodies to the virus.
The antibodies stay with us as a result, the body is immune to that virus.
Explain two ways the bacteria reproduce.
Binary fission - bacterial DNA is copied and cell splits in two
Conjugation - bacteria form a bridge between each other and exchange genetic info. considered most primitive form of sex
Explain the shapes of different bacteria.
Coccous = round Streptococcus = chain of round bacteria Staphylococcus = round bacteria that grow in clumps Bacilli = rod shaped Spirilla = spiral shaped
What is an endospore?
A highly resistant structure that forms around the chromosome when the cell is under stress. Can withstand extreme conditions and remain dormant.
What are antibiotics?
Chemicals produced synthetically or by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of or destroy other microorganisms.
Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
Some bacteria already are resistant to antibiotics. When exposed to antibiotics, the resistant bacteria are more likely to survive. They make up more of the population. Become more resistant and antibiotics become ineffective.
