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Biology 11 > Diversity of Living Things > Flashcards

Diversity of Living Things Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of archaea

A
  • some have peptidoglycan
  • live in extreme environments
  • lack important carbohydrates found in the cell wall
  • different lipids in their cell membrane
  • different gene sequences
  • different types of ribosomes
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2
Q

Characteristics of eubacteria

A 
-almost all have peptidoglycan
Heterotrophs:
-found everywhere
-can be parasites
-saprophytes (lives on dead or decaying matter)
Photosynthetic autotrophs:
-make their own food from light
-different chloroplasts than plants
-fix nitrogen in aquatic systems
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3
Q

Diplo

A

Paired (two)

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4
Q

Staphylo

A

Clusters

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5
Q

Strepto

A

Chains

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6
Q

Bacillus

A

Rods

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7
Q

Coccus

A

Spheres

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8
Q

Spirillum

A

Spirals

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9
Q

Flagella

A

A tail-like structure that whips around to propel the bacterium. A bacterium can have more than one. Can sense a cell’s surroundings. In eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

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10
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like structures made of protein that surround the cell to help it swim and capture food.

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11
Q

Non-motile

A

Sticky cilia-like structures or an extra slime layer on the capsule that prevents the bacterium from moving.

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12
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction where a cell duplicates its genetic material and then splits into two daughter cells. Happens at an extremely fast rate when given an optimal environment.

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13
Q

Conjugation

A

The union of two bacteria cells by their sex pili for the exchange of genetic material. Occurs in unfavourable environments.

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14
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Using its pili, a bacteria can pick up another species’ DNA from the surrounding environment.

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15
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Can live without oxygen

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16
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can live with or without oxygen

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17
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Cannot live without oxygen

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18
Q

Fermentation

A

The process of respiration in anaerobic conditions (without oxygen).

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19
Q

Neutrophil

A

A white blood cell that kills bacteria by ingesting them, can phagocytize 5-20 bacteria in their lifetime.

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20
Q

Monocyte

A

A white blood cell that enters the tissue and becomes larger and turns into a macrophage. It can phagocytize up to 100 bacteria in their lifetime and also destroys old and damaged cells.

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21
Q

Macrophage

A

A large phagocytic cell that is found in its stationary form in tissues or as a mobile white blood cell.

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22
Q

B cells

A

White blood cells that become plasma cells when exposed to an invading organism or activated by helper T cells and produce large numbers of antibodies.

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23
Q

Pathogens

A

A deathly bacteria that can cause disease and be treated using antibiotics, contrary to viruses.

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24
Q

Endospore

A

A bacteria that can withstand extreme conditions by bundling their genetic material in a tough internal structure. Formed by vegetative cells in response to environmental signals that indicate a limiting factor for vegetative growth.

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25
Q

Characteristics of protists

A
  • eukaryotic
  • most are unicellular
  • found in moist environments
  • aerobic, use mitochondria for cellular respiration
  • can be autotrophic, heterotrophic or mixotrophic
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26
Q

Plant-like protists (algae)

A
  • ancestors of plants
  • cell walls made from cellulose
  • photosynthetic autotrophs
  • similar chloroplasts to plants
  • non-motile
  • multicellular or unicellular
  • unicellular are diploid most of their life
  • multicellular are haploid most of their life
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27
Q

Animal-like protists (protozoa)

A
  • amoebas
  • ciliates (paramecium)
  • sporozoa
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28
Q

Amoeba

A
  • move by extending their pseudopods (part of the cell wall) and pulling the rest of the cell behind
  • can be free-living or parasites
  • heterotrophic, capture food with their pseudopods
  • phagocytic
  • live in saltwater, freshwater, and mud
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29
Q

Ciliates (paramecium)

A
  • use cilia to move and sweep food into their gullet
  • unicellular
  • heterotrophic, phagocytic
  • complex internal structure
  • macronucleus and micronucleus (DNA)
  • sexual or asexual reproduction
  • contractile vacuole to assist with diffusion
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30
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and protozoans.

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31
Q

Sporozoans

A
  • heterotrophic parasites
  • parasites of animals
  • unicellular
  • no cell wall
  • have small flagella
  • plasmodium vivax causes malaria in humans
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32
Q

Fungi-like protists (slime and water molds)

A
  • heterotrophic, feed on bacteria
  • motile with flagella or pseudopods
  • decomposers of dead organisms
  • live as separate cells
  • aggregate into a multicellular slug in harsh conditions
  • the slug produces a fruiting body that produces spores
  • can be large and colourful
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33
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process of using the sun’s energy to produce glucose and oxygen gas.

34
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The process of breaking down nutrients using oxygen gas to create energy for cell functions.

35
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A
  • heterotrophic
  • eukaryotic
  • sessile
  • multicellular organisms
  • reproduce sexually and asexually
  • have cell walls composed of chitin
  • terrestrial
36
Q

Differences between plants and fungi

A
  • plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, fungi cell walls are composed of chitin
  • fungi are heterotrophic, plants are photosynthetic and autotrophic
  • different methods of reproduction
37
Q

Fungi digestion

A

Fungi digest food externally. They release digestive enzymes into their surrounding environment that break down nutrients which are then absorbed into the hyphae cells.

38
Q

Spores

A

Haploid reproductive structure, usually a single cell, capable of growing a new individual.

39
Q

Haploid

A

Half the number of chromosomes, the result of meiosis.

40
Q

Diploid

A

The full number of chromosomes, eggs and sperm.

41
Q

Mitosis

A

Produces new cells with the same number of chromosomes.

42
Q

Meiosis

A

Produces new cells with half the number of chromosomes.

43
Q

Benefits of fungi

A
  • act as decomposers of the earth and are responsible for cycling nutrients through the biosphere
  • almost all plants rely on fungi to help them obtain nutrients from the soil
44
Q

Lichen

A
  • a symbiotic combination of fungi and photosynthetic cyanobacteria or green algae
  • a small crusty and pale moss-like organism
  • help begin the process of ecological succession because they can survive in any conditions
  • release chemicals that break down rocks to form soil and support plant growth
45
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

The process by which fungus’ hyphae grows around the root cells of plants and supplies the plant with needed nutrients. The plant provides the fungi with energy-rich food molecules.

46
Q

Saprophytes

A

Organisms that obtain nutrients from dead or nonliving organic matter.

47
Q

Hyphae Mycelium

A

A mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. The vegetative part of fungi.

48
Q

Characteristics of plants

A
  • photosynthetic
  • primary producers of food webs
  • evolved from green algae
  • eukaryotic cells
  • multicellular
  • have chloroplasts with chlorophyll
  • have cell walls containing cellulose
  • have a dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems
49
Q

Adaptions

A
  • have adapted to living on land
  • have changed their reproductive methods
  • structural adaptations
50
Q

Bryophytes

A

Non-vascular plants. Mosses, liverworts.

51
Q

Pterophytes

A

Vascular, seedless plants. Ferns.

52
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Vascular, have seeds, no flowers. Conifers (cones).

53
Q

Angiosperms

A

Vascular, have seeds, flowering. Monocots (multiples of 3), dicots (multiples of 4 or 5).

54
Q

Gametophyte

A

Haploid organisms that produce gametes by mitosis. Chromosomes: n.

55
Q

Sporophyte

A

Diploid organisms that produce spores by meiosis. Chromosomes: 2n.

56
Q

Zygote

A

Diploid fertilized cell when two gametes get together. Chromosomes: 2n.

57
Q

Cuticle

A

A waterproof, waxy coating produced by the epidermis of most plants.

58
Q

Stomata

A

The small opening in the epidermis of a plant that allows for gas exchange.

59
Q

Characteristics of animals

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular, with differentiation
  • no cell wall
  • heterotrophic
  • most are motile, some have sessile stages
  • generally, reproduce sexually: diploid stage of the lifecycle is dominant
60
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer germ layer (skin and nervous system).

61
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle germ layer (organs).

62
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner germ layer (lining of the gut).

63
Q

Classification of an animal

A
  • germ layers
  • body cavity
  • symmetry
  • digestive tract or gut
  • tissue and organ system
64
Q

Coelom

A
  • located between the body wall and the gut
  • contains and protects the internal organs
  • develops from the mesoderm layer
  • found in higher invertebrates and vertebrates
65
Q

Radial symmetry

A

No defined head region so there is no defined section that leads. Not suited to rapid locomotion.

66
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

A head region that can lead an organism. Suited for animals that need to move rapidly forwards.

67
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

The breakdown of macromolecules occurs within the cell directly (diffusion, phagocytosis).

68
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Macromolecules are broken down in specialized areas with the help of enzymes. This allows organisms to benefit from a wider variety of food. Specialized cells and tissues are required.

69
Q

Acoelomate

A

Only a lined git, no cavity within the mesoderm.

70
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

A fluid-filled spaced. Not as sophisticated as a true coelom.

71
Q

Coelomate

A

Mesoderm surrounds the cavity, while endoderm surrounds the gut. A true coelom.

72
Q

Alternation of generations

A

A life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid stages. Occurs commonly in plants, fungi, and protists.

73
Q

Zygomycetes

A
  • have asexual and haploid spores
  • form zygotes that undergo meiosis after germination
  • terrestrial
  • can be saprophytes
  • bread molds
74
Q

Ascomycetes

A
  • have asexual and sexual haploid spores
  • produce their spores in sacs (budding)
  • can be pathogens
  • yeast
  • penicillin
75
Q

Basidiomycetes

A
  • have sexual haploid spores
  • terrestrial
  • can be pathogens
  • the visible part of the organism is a fruiting body the bulk of the organism is underground
  • mushrooms
76
Q

Phylum chordata characteristics

A
  • well developed head and tail
  • a dorsal nerve cord
  • notochord
  • closed circulatory system
77
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria.

78
Q

Pili

A

Thin hairs composed of protein that protrude the cell surface. They can transfer DNA through bacterial conjugation. Aid in motility. Only in prokaryotic cells.

79
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of naming and classifying organisms that doesn’t account for molecular evidence.

80
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Two-part scientific naming system created by Carolus Linnaeus is used today by scientists to classify organisms. Genus species.

Biology 11 (2 decks)

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