Diversity of Living Things Flashcards
1
Q
Movement
A
ability to change the location of some or all of its parts
2
Q
Sensitivity
A
ability to respond to stimuli
3
Q
Development
A
orderly, progressive change in form ( specialization)
4
Q
Complexity
A
contains a large number of organized molecules and materials
5
Q
Death
A
ending of all processes potential to perform processes
6
Q
Characteristics of Life
A
- cellur organization
- metabolism
- reproduction
- heredity
- homeostatsis
7
Q
Cellular Organization
A
- organized assembly of molecules into a functional unit ( cells )
8
Q
Metabolism
A
- ability to assiilate energy and materials to grow and develop
9
Q
Reproduction
A
- ability to create iable and fertile offspring
10
Q
heredity
A
ability to pass on traits and characteristics to offspring
11
Q
Homeostasis
A
- ability to maintain a stable and functional internal enviroment
12
Q
Species or Taxa
A
a group of organisms that can breed successfully with each other to produce viable and fertile offspring
13
Q
Binomial Nomenclature
A
Linnean System of Classification
14
Q
Why do classifcation often change
A
As we learn more about organisms we may need to reorganize them, create new groups or change our rules for what fits
15
Q
Taxonomy
A
the process of organizing species into larger and larger groups that have fewer and fewer common characteristics
16
Q
Phylogeny
A
the evolutionary history of species
17
Q
Criteria for classification
A
- source of energy
- type of movement
- structure
- diet
- apperance
18
Q
Dichotomous Key
A
series of yes and no questions used to classify any organism
19
Q
Organisms Classifcation
A
Prokaryotes: no nuclei or organelles, simple ( Archaebacteria, Eubacteria)
Eukaroyotes: contain nuclei and organelles, comeplex (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)
20
Q
Kingdoms divide
A
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
21
Q
Prokaryotes
A
Archaebacteria: Ancient bateria, extreme habitats, chemoautotrophic
Eubacteria: true bacteria, younger, live everywhere, mostly heterotrophic
Both: single celled with non celluclose cell walls
22
Q
Protista
A
Mostly single celled Autotrophic and heterotrohpic Non-cellulose cell walls Asexual reproduction Moblie
23
Q
Fungi
A
Multicellurlar Heterotrophc Non-cellulose cell walls sexual and asexual non moblie
24
Q
Plantae
A
Multicellular, complex Photoautotrophic cellulose cell walls sexual non-moblie
25
Animalia
```
multicelluar, complex
heterotrophic
no cell walls
sexual reproduction
moblie
```
26
Characteristics of Bacteria
- single celled
- prokaryotic
- reproduce asexually by binary fusion
- DNA arranged in a single circular chromosome
27
Structure of Bacteria
capsule - a sticky protein cver found in some bacteria
cell wall- protective coating all
cell membrane- controls enty of molecules
circular chromosome of Dna
Pilus- a protein tube that attaches to other bacteria
cytoplasm- contains ions and molecules
Flagellum- whipe like tail for movement
Ribosomes- needed for protein synthesis
plasmid- small loop of DNA which contains a few genes
28
Binary Fission
1. Single circular chromosomes replicates
2. Attached loops remain near center of cell
3. Replicated loops drift apart
4. Cell Pinches in between chromosome loops
5. Cell wall forms to produce tow seperate cells
29
Enospore Formation
1. occurs only with gram postive bacteria
2. when growth conditions become unfavourable
3. Bacterium makes an endospore
4. the endospore can lie dormnant for a long time through drought, heat and radiation
30
Conjuagtion
- occurs when conditions are less than ideal due to shortages of food or space
1. Two bacterial cells connect via a bridge and exchange plasmid
2. Conjugation increases the genetic variability in a pipulation of bacteria
3. Conjugation is the cause of the spread of anti biotic resitance
31
Classifcation of Bacteria
classifcation by shape
| by Gram stain(postive: purple) (negative: pink)
32
Bacteria Nutrition
Heterotrophic: must eat others for food
Autotrophic: able to make own food
Phototrophic bacteria only grow in light
33
Bacteria Respirtaion
obligate aeorbe: must have oxygen to produce energy from food
obligate anaerobe: can not survive in the presence of oxygen, but can still produce energy from food in absence of oxygen
Facultative anaerobe: can survive with or without
34
Bacteria in Ecosystems
Nitrogen fixation: some bacteria take nitrogen directly from the air to make proteins
Carbon-Oxygen Cycle: Bacteria are key in the breakdown of dead organisms, and the release of carbon dioxide
35
Endotoxins
produced inside bacteria and are only released when gram-negative bacteria split they are seldom toxic
36
Exotoxins
produced and excretaed from living bacteria
37
Species
all organisms capable of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions
38
Hybridization
the cross-breeding of two different species
39
Morphology
the physical appearance and characteristics of an organisms
40
Evolutionary change
a change that occurs in an entire population; usually occurs over a long period of time
41
Genetic Diversity
the genetic variability among organisms; usually refering to individuals of the same species
42
Heterotroph
an organism that obtains energy rich nutrients by consuming living or dead organisms
43
Autotrophs
an organism that uses sources of energy to produce nutrients from water gases and or minerals
44
Species diversity
a measure of diversity that takes into account the quantity of each species present as well as the variety of different species present
45
Structural diversity
the range of physical shapes and sizes within a habitat or ecosystem
46
Affects of loss of diversity
- threatens our food supply
- elminates sources of natural medicine and potential new medicine
- impact on tourism and foresty when accompunied by habitat destruction
- has the potential to cause disruption to biochemical cycles
47
biological classification
the systematic grouping of organisms into biological categories based on physical and evolutionary relatonships
48
Importance of Identification
before you can classify you must be able to identify - biologist might do this by observed characteristics
49
Botanist
a scientist specializing in the study of plants
50
genus
a taxonomic level consisting of a group of similar species
51
binomial nomenclature
the formal system of naming sppecies whereby each species is assigned a genus named followed by a specific name, the two words taken together to form species name
52
Taxon
a category used to classify organisms
53
Kingdom
the highest taxonomic level of traditional Linnaean system of classification
54
Carl Linnaeus
- father of taxonomy
- grouping species according to their morphological similarities
- group into categories known as genus
- not on external relatonships such as living place
55
The great chain of being
- classifcation based of the philsophical assumption that ech types of organism held a fixed position
- human on top, mammals
- hierachy reffered to as great chain of being
- gave idea th species were fixed unchanging
- Linnaeus first to doubt
56
Taxonomic levels
Linneaus further grouped species in taxonomic levels based on shared characteristics. Each level called a taxon.
7 major levels
- in linneaus system each taxonomic rank consist of species with similar features
57
How is dichotomous key used?
- large sets broken down to smaller subsets, leading to smallest avaiable unit
- User must choose between two defining statements
- each alternative leads to result or another choice
- eventually key ends and identfies organisms
58
Evolution
the scentific theory that describes changes in species overtime and their shared ancestry
59
Phylogentic tree
a diagram depicting the evolutionaru relationships between different species or groups.
60
clade
a taxonmic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendents. Each clade on tree can be thought of as a branch. The tip of branch can represent a particular species or entire group. Moving back along tree is like moving back in time.
61
Prokaryote
a single celled organism that does not contain membrane bound organelles
62
Eukaryote
ay organism whose cells contain organelles
63
Domain
the highest taxonomic level: three domain of life: Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes
64
Carl Woese
conducted a detailed analysis of living organisms. revealed all organism could be classified into three distinct groups. Showed significant differences in the genetic makeup
65
How do the domains workd
Eubacteria: Kingdom Eubacteria
Archaea; Kingdom Archea
Eukaryotes: Kingdom Protista, Animals, Plants, Fungi
The branches show an estimate of how closey related the groups are.
66
Pathogen
A disease causing agent often a virus or micro-organism
67
Prokaryotes
Domain Eubacteria and Domain Archae
Single celled organisms and they lack mebran bound irganelles
Smallest organism onf Earth
68
Importance of Prokaryotes
Bacteria is the prokaryotic most familiar to us. Responsible for many diseases in human and organisms. Infectious called pathogens.
Bacteria and some archaea, play roles in organisms. Decomposer and producers.
Recyles nutrients and vital to biogeochemical cycles.
Resisdents in intestines of animals.
Production of food
Produce antibiotics
69
Mutualism
A relatonship between two species that live in very close association with each other, whereby each benefits from the association
70
Antibiotic
A substance that can kill or weaken micro-organisms: natural antibiotics are produced by bacteria or fungu
71
Characteristic of Bacteria
Chromosome single loop of DNA found in region in nucleiod
Ribosomes scattered throughout cytoplasm
Flagella for movement
Hairblike pili
Plamids in cytoplasm
Cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, large molecule that forms long chains
Surronded by capsules
Shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillum
72
Plasmid
Small loop of DNA often found in prokaryotic cells
73
Capsules
Outer layer on some bacteria, provides some protection
74
Coccus
Round bacterial cell
75
Baccillus
Rodnshaped bacterial cell
76
Spirllum
A spiral or corkscrww shaped cell
77
Where do autorophs and heterotrophs get food
Autotrophic bacteria; make own food, they assmeble complex carbon molecules from inorganic chemicals
Heterotrophic: get nutreinst from carbon containg organic chemicals
78
Inorganic chemicals
A chemical that has an abiotic origin
79
Organic chemical
Any chemcial that contains carbon and is produced hy living things
80
Obligate aerobe
Organism that cannot survive without oxygen
81
Faculative aerobe
An organism that can live with or without oxygen
82
Fermentation
An anaerobic process that releases chemical energy from food
83
Obligate anaerobe
An organism that cannot surivie with presence of oxygen
84
Binary fisson simple
The divison of one parebt cell into twongenetically identical daughter cells: form of asexual reproduction
85
Conjugation
A form of sexual reproduction in which two cells join ti exchange genetic information
86
Transformation
A process in which a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces if DNA from its environent
87
Horizontal gene transfer
The transfer of gentetic information from one species into a different species
88
Endspore
A dormant structure that forms inside certain bacteria in response to stress: protect cells chromosome from damage
89
Virus
A small infectious particle containing genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA
90
Capsid
A protein coat that surronds the DNA or RNA of a virus
91
RNA
A nucleic acid found in all cells and some viruses; usually carries genetic information that provides instructions for synthesising protein
92
Bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria
93
Lysis
The rupturing of a cell; can occur when newly mafe viruses are released from a host cell
94
Lysongeny
A state of dormancy in which viral DNA may remain within a host cells chromosome fornmany cell cycle generations
95
Bacteriophage Diagram
```
Head
Capsid
Viral DNA
Sheath
Tail
```
96
Transduction
A typenof gene transfer in which a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another
97
Viroid
a very small infectous piece of RNA responsible for some serious diseases in plants
98
Prion
An abnormally shaped infectious protein responible for some brain diseases of mammals
99
Endosymbiosis
A relatinship in which a single celled organism lives within the cells of another organism
100
Haploid
A cell containing half the usual complement of chromosomes
101
Zygote
A cell produced by fusion of two gametes
102
Diploid
A cell containing two copies of each chromosome
103
Sporophyte
A diploid borganism that produces spores in an alternation of generations life cycle
104
Spore
A haploid reproductuve structure; usually a single cell capable of growing into a new individual
105
Gametophyte
A haploid organism that produces haploid sex cells in an alternation if generations life cycle
106
Alternation of Generations
A life cycle in which diploid individuals produce spores that create haploid individuals; the haploid individuals reproduce sexually, producing sporophyte individuals and completing the cycle
