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Diversity of Living Things Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Movement

A

ability to change the location of some or all of its parts

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2
Q

Sensitivity

A

ability to respond to stimuli

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3
Q

Development

A

orderly, progressive change in form ( specialization)

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4
Q

Complexity

A

contains a large number of organized molecules and materials

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5
Q

Death

A

ending of all processes potential to perform processes

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6
Q

Characteristics of Life

A
  • cellur organization
  • metabolism
  • reproduction
  • heredity
  • homeostatsis
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7
Q

Cellular Organization

A
  • organized assembly of molecules into a functional unit ( cells )
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8
Q

Metabolism

A
  • ability to assiilate energy and materials to grow and develop
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9
Q

Reproduction

A
  • ability to create iable and fertile offspring
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10
Q

heredity

A

ability to pass on traits and characteristics to offspring

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • ability to maintain a stable and functional internal enviroment
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12
Q

Species or Taxa

A

a group of organisms that can breed successfully with each other to produce viable and fertile offspring

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13
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Linnean System of Classification

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14
Q

Why do classifcation often change

A

As we learn more about organisms we may need to reorganize them, create new groups or change our rules for what fits

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15
Q

Taxonomy

A

the process of organizing species into larger and larger groups that have fewer and fewer common characteristics

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16
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of species

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17
Q

Criteria for classification

A
  • source of energy
  • type of movement
  • structure
  • diet
  • apperance
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18
Q

Dichotomous Key

A

series of yes and no questions used to classify any organism

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19
Q

Organisms Classifcation

A

Prokaryotes: no nuclei or organelles, simple ( Archaebacteria, Eubacteria)
Eukaroyotes: contain nuclei and organelles, comeplex (Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)

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20
Q

Kingdoms divide

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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21
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Archaebacteria: Ancient bateria, extreme habitats, chemoautotrophic
Eubacteria: true bacteria, younger, live everywhere, mostly heterotrophic
Both: single celled with non celluclose cell walls

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22
Q

Protista

A 
Mostly single celled
Autotrophic and heterotrohpic
Non-cellulose cell walls
Asexual reproduction
Moblie
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23
Q

Fungi

A 
Multicellurlar
Heterotrophc
Non-cellulose cell walls
sexual and asexual
non moblie
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24
Q

Plantae

A 
Multicellular, complex
Photoautotrophic
cellulose cell walls
sexual
non-moblie
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25
Q

Animalia

A 
multicelluar, complex
heterotrophic
no cell walls
sexual reproduction
moblie
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26
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria

A
  • single celled
  • prokaryotic
  • reproduce asexually by binary fusion
  • DNA arranged in a single circular chromosome
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27
Q

Structure of Bacteria

A

capsule - a sticky protein cver found in some bacteria
cell wall- protective coating all
cell membrane- controls enty of molecules
circular chromosome of Dna
Pilus- a protein tube that attaches to other bacteria
cytoplasm- contains ions and molecules
Flagellum- whipe like tail for movement
Ribosomes- needed for protein synthesis
plasmid- small loop of DNA which contains a few genes

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28
Q

Binary Fission

A
  1. Single circular chromosomes replicates
  2. Attached loops remain near center of cell
  3. Replicated loops drift apart
  4. Cell Pinches in between chromosome loops
  5. Cell wall forms to produce tow seperate cells
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29
Q

Enospore Formation

A
  1. occurs only with gram postive bacteria
  2. when growth conditions become unfavourable
  3. Bacterium makes an endospore
  4. the endospore can lie dormnant for a long time through drought, heat and radiation
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30
Q

Conjuagtion

A
  • occurs when conditions are less than ideal due to shortages of food or space
    1. Two bacterial cells connect via a bridge and exchange plasmid
    2. Conjugation increases the genetic variability in a pipulation of bacteria
    3. Conjugation is the cause of the spread of anti biotic resitance
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31
Q

Classifcation of Bacteria

A

classifcation by shape

by Gram stain(postive: purple) (negative: pink)

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32
Q

Bacteria Nutrition

A

Heterotrophic: must eat others for food
Autotrophic: able to make own food
Phototrophic bacteria only grow in light

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33
Q

Bacteria Respirtaion

A

obligate aeorbe: must have oxygen to produce energy from food
obligate anaerobe: can not survive in the presence of oxygen, but can still produce energy from food in absence of oxygen
Facultative anaerobe: can survive with or without

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34
Q

Bacteria in Ecosystems

A

Nitrogen fixation: some bacteria take nitrogen directly from the air to make proteins
Carbon-Oxygen Cycle: Bacteria are key in the breakdown of dead organisms, and the release of carbon dioxide

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35
Q

Endotoxins

A

produced inside bacteria and are only released when gram-negative bacteria split they are seldom toxic

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36
Q

Exotoxins

A

produced and excretaed from living bacteria

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37
Q

Species

A

all organisms capable of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions

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38
Q

Hybridization

A

the cross-breeding of two different species

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39
Q

Morphology

A

the physical appearance and characteristics of an organisms

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40
Q

Evolutionary change

A

a change that occurs in an entire population; usually occurs over a long period of time

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41
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

the genetic variability among organisms; usually refering to individuals of the same species

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42
Q

Heterotroph

A

an organism that obtains energy rich nutrients by consuming living or dead organisms

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43
Q

Autotrophs

A

an organism that uses sources of energy to produce nutrients from water gases and or minerals

44
Q

Species diversity

A

a measure of diversity that takes into account the quantity of each species present as well as the variety of different species present

45
Q

Structural diversity

A

the range of physical shapes and sizes within a habitat or ecosystem

46
Q

Affects of loss of diversity

A
  • threatens our food supply
  • elminates sources of natural medicine and potential new medicine
  • impact on tourism and foresty when accompunied by habitat destruction
  • has the potential to cause disruption to biochemical cycles
47
Q

biological classification

A

the systematic grouping of organisms into biological categories based on physical and evolutionary relatonships

48
Q

Importance of Identification

A

before you can classify you must be able to identify - biologist might do this by observed characteristics

49
Q

Botanist

A

a scientist specializing in the study of plants

50
Q

genus

A

a taxonomic level consisting of a group of similar species

51
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

the formal system of naming sppecies whereby each species is assigned a genus named followed by a specific name, the two words taken together to form species name

52
Q

Taxon

A

a category used to classify organisms

53
Q

Kingdom

A

the highest taxonomic level of traditional Linnaean system of classification

54
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A
  • father of taxonomy
  • grouping species according to their morphological similarities
  • group into categories known as genus
  • not on external relatonships such as living place
55
Q

The great chain of being

A
  • classifcation based of the philsophical assumption that ech types of organism held a fixed position
  • human on top, mammals
  • hierachy reffered to as great chain of being
  • gave idea th species were fixed unchanging
  • Linnaeus first to doubt
56
Q

Taxonomic levels

A

Linneaus further grouped species in taxonomic levels based on shared characteristics. Each level called a taxon.
7 major levels
- in linneaus system each taxonomic rank consist of species with similar features

57
Q

How is dichotomous key used?

A
  • large sets broken down to smaller subsets, leading to smallest avaiable unit
  • User must choose between two defining statements
  • each alternative leads to result or another choice
  • eventually key ends and identfies organisms
58
Q

Evolution

A

the scentific theory that describes changes in species overtime and their shared ancestry

59
Q

Phylogentic tree

A

a diagram depicting the evolutionaru relationships between different species or groups.

60
Q

clade

A

a taxonmic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendents. Each clade on tree can be thought of as a branch. The tip of branch can represent a particular species or entire group. Moving back along tree is like moving back in time.

61
Q

Prokaryote

A

a single celled organism that does not contain membrane bound organelles

62
Q

Eukaryote

A

ay organism whose cells contain organelles

63
Q

Domain

A

the highest taxonomic level: three domain of life: Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

64
Q

Carl Woese

A

conducted a detailed analysis of living organisms. revealed all organism could be classified into three distinct groups. Showed significant differences in the genetic makeup

65
Q

How do the domains workd

A

Eubacteria: Kingdom Eubacteria
Archaea; Kingdom Archea
Eukaryotes: Kingdom Protista, Animals, Plants, Fungi

The branches show an estimate of how closey related the groups are.

66
Q

Pathogen

A

A disease causing agent often a virus or micro-organism

67
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Domain Eubacteria and Domain Archae
Single celled organisms and they lack mebran bound irganelles
Smallest organism onf Earth

68
Q

Importance of Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria is the prokaryotic most familiar to us. Responsible for many diseases in human and organisms. Infectious called pathogens.
Bacteria and some archaea, play roles in organisms. Decomposer and producers.
Recyles nutrients and vital to biogeochemical cycles.
Resisdents in intestines of animals.
Production of food
Produce antibiotics

69
Q

Mutualism

A

A relatonship between two species that live in very close association with each other, whereby each benefits from the association

70
Q

Antibiotic

A

A substance that can kill or weaken micro-organisms: natural antibiotics are produced by bacteria or fungu

71
Q

Characteristic of Bacteria

A

Chromosome single loop of DNA found in region in nucleiod
Ribosomes scattered throughout cytoplasm
Flagella for movement
Hairblike pili
Plamids in cytoplasm
Cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, large molecule that forms long chains
Surronded by capsules
Shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillum

72
Q

Plasmid

A

Small loop of DNA often found in prokaryotic cells

73
Q

Capsules

A

Outer layer on some bacteria, provides some protection

74
Q

Coccus

A

Round bacterial cell

75
Q

Baccillus

A

Rodnshaped bacterial cell

76
Q

Spirllum

A

A spiral or corkscrww shaped cell

77
Q

Where do autorophs and heterotrophs get food

A

Autotrophic bacteria; make own food, they assmeble complex carbon molecules from inorganic chemicals
Heterotrophic: get nutreinst from carbon containg organic chemicals

78
Q

Inorganic chemicals

A

A chemical that has an abiotic origin

79
Q

Organic chemical

A

Any chemcial that contains carbon and is produced hy living things

80
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Organism that cannot survive without oxygen

81
Q

Faculative aerobe

A

An organism that can live with or without oxygen

82
Q

Fermentation

A

An anaerobic process that releases chemical energy from food

83
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

An organism that cannot surivie with presence of oxygen

84
Q

Binary fisson simple

A

The divison of one parebt cell into twongenetically identical daughter cells: form of asexual reproduction

85
Q

Conjugation

A

A form of sexual reproduction in which two cells join ti exchange genetic information

86
Q

Transformation

A

A process in which a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces if DNA from its environent

87
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

The transfer of gentetic information from one species into a different species

88
Q

Endspore

A

A dormant structure that forms inside certain bacteria in response to stress: protect cells chromosome from damage

89
Q

Virus

A

A small infectious particle containing genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA

90
Q

Capsid

A

A protein coat that surronds the DNA or RNA of a virus

91
Q

RNA

A

A nucleic acid found in all cells and some viruses; usually carries genetic information that provides instructions for synthesising protein

92
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria

93
Q

Lysis

A

The rupturing of a cell; can occur when newly mafe viruses are released from a host cell

94
Q

Lysongeny

A

A state of dormancy in which viral DNA may remain within a host cells chromosome fornmany cell cycle generations

95
Q

Bacteriophage Diagram

A 
Head
Capsid 
Viral DNA
Sheath
Tail
96
Q

Transduction

A

A typenof gene transfer in which a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another

97
Q

Viroid

A

a very small infectous piece of RNA responsible for some serious diseases in plants

98
Q

Prion

A

An abnormally shaped infectious protein responible for some brain diseases of mammals

99
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

A relatinship in which a single celled organism lives within the cells of another organism

100
Q

Haploid

A

A cell containing half the usual complement of chromosomes

101
Q

Zygote

A

A cell produced by fusion of two gametes

102
Q

Diploid

A

A cell containing two copies of each chromosome

103
Q

Sporophyte

A

A diploid borganism that produces spores in an alternation of generations life cycle

104
Q

Spore

A

A haploid reproductuve structure; usually a single cell capable of growing into a new individual

105
Q

Gametophyte

A

A haploid organism that produces haploid sex cells in an alternation if generations life cycle

106
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

A life cycle in which diploid individuals produce spores that create haploid individuals; the haploid individuals reproduce sexually, producing sporophyte individuals and completing the cycle

Biology (4 decks)

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