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Biology 106 > Diversity Of Life > Flashcards

Diversity Of Life Flashcards

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0
Q

A shared derived trait is…

A

Synapomorphy

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1
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Prokaryotes, Archae and Eukaryotes

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2
Q

A derived trait (not shared) is…

A

Apomorphy

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3
Q

Includes ancestor and ALL descendants

A

Monophyletic clade

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4
Q

Includes ancestor and SOME descendants

A

Paraphyletic clade

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5
Q

What dominates the history of life?

A

Microbes

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6
Q

Microbes where what at first?

A

Prokaryotes

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7
Q

Simple primitive life forms 8 billion years ago are

A

Microbes

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8
Q

Responsible for most metabolism on Earth

A

Microbes

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9
Q

Fix ______ and produce _______

A

Nitrogen; Oxygen

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10
Q

Why study microbes? (6)

A
  • Responsible for most metabolism on Earth
  • Fix Nitrogen
  • Produce Oxygen
  • Human Health (mouth, gut, etc)
  • 10x more microbes in your body than human cells
  • It’s microbial world & we just living in it
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11
Q

How do we identify microbes?

A
  • Microscopy
  • Culturing
  • Metagenomics
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12
Q

5 useful traits for distinguishing microbes

A

Size, shape & motility
Gram staining
Whether they’re phototrophic chemotrophic or heterotrophic

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13
Q

What size are microbes?

A

Most bacteria are about 1 um in diameter but some are much larger

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14
Q

What shapes do microbes come in?

A

Rods, spheres, spirals in some species adhere to form chains

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15
Q

What motility do microbes have?

A

Some bacteria are nonmotile, but swimming and gliding are common

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16
Q

Gram staining changes color of what

A

Peptidoglycan

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17
Q

What stains more gram-positive cells or gram-negative cells

A

Gram-positive cells

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18
Q

Use light to produce food

A

Phototrophic

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19
Q

Uses chemicals to produce food

A

Chemotrophic

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20
Q

Consumes other organisms as good

A

Heterotrophic

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21
Q

What are the four main groups of bacteria?

A

Spirochaetes, Chlamydiae, Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria (5)

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22
Q

What type of class is bacteria ?

A

Monophyletic clade

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23
Q

What is a distinguishing trait of spirochetes?

A

They have axial filaments ( modified flagella ) used for cork-screw like motion

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24
Q

Two types of spirochetes

A
  • T. padillum causes syphilis

- Borellia causes Lyme disease

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25
Q

What is an endosymbiont and what is an example of it

A

Endosymbionts live in the cells of the host (parasitic)

An example would be Chlamydiae

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26
Q

What is also known as blue - green algae?

A

Cyanobacteria

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27
Q

What bacteria is responsible for oxygen on earth?

A

Cyanobacteria

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28
Q

Why are Cyanobacteria, many of which are quite large, considered members of the domain bacteria ?

A

Because they lack a true nucleus

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29
Q

Why are Cyanobacteria also called blue-green algae ?

A

reason is that cyanobacteria appeared to look a lot like green algae when they were first discovered. We now know that they really are bacteria (prokaryotes). Cyanobacteria appear coloured because they contain the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll (green) and photocyanin (blue). This means that they can produce their own food.

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30
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

No oxygen

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31
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

Oxygen

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32
Q

What bacteria performs oxygen-producing photosynthesis?

A

Cyanobacteria

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33
Q

How long was there no free molecular oxygen on earth?

A

For the first 2.3 billion years

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34
Q

Origin of chloroplast DNA in plants

A

Cyanobacteria

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35
Q

Convert nitrogen into ammonia (usable form)

A

Cyanobacteria

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36
Q

Cyanobacteria use nitrogen to make (2)

A

Proteins and DNA

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37
Q

Cyanobacteria are _______

A

Heterocyst

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38
Q

An example of Cyanobacteria

A

Pond scum (reddish color - harmful)

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39
Q

Origin of mitochondria through endosymbiosis comes from

A

Proteobacteria

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40
Q

Examples of Proteobacteria are

A 
E. coli 
Salmonella
Vibrio
Legionnaires disease 
Gonorrhea
Cholera
Food poisoning
Typhus 
Ulcers
Diarrhea
Dysentery
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41
Q

What Proteobacteria causes typhoid fever (food borne illness)

A

Salmonella

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42
Q

What’s the most studied bacteria that stains pink when gram staining is performed?

A

E. Coli (Proteobacteria)

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43
Q

How do Proteobacteria reproduce?

A

Through binary fission, usually a single circular chromosome contains most or all of DNA

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44
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Division in half (asexual reproduction)

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45
Q

What is a eukaryote? (3)

A

True Nucleus
Endosymbiosis = Mitochondria
Other organelles too

46
Q

Eukaryotes have _ _ _

A

DNA

47
Q

Nuclear DNA

A

Chromosomes (genome)

48
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

Circular genome

49
Q

How where eukaryotes created?

A

Endosymbiosis origins

50
Q

Mitochondria is related to _____

A

Proteobacteria

51
Q

What type of clade is Protists

A

Paraphyletic

52
Q

All eukaryotes are Protists except (3)

A

Fungi
Animals
Land plants

53
Q

Amoebozoa synapomorphy

A

Cells lack cell walls. When portions of the cell extend outward to move the cell, they form large lobes.

54
Q

Opisthokonta synapomorphy

A

Reproductive cells have a single flagellum at their base. The cristae inside mitochondria are flat, not tube-shaped as in other eukaryotes.

55
Q

Excavata synapomorphy

A

Most cells have a pronounced “feeding groove” where prey or organic debris is ingested. Most species lack typical mitochondria, although genes derived from mitochondria are found in the nucleus

56
Q

Plantae synapomorphy

A

Cells have chloroplasts with a double membrane.

57
Q

Rhizaria synapomorphy

A

Cells lack cell walls although some produce an elaborate shell-like covering. When portions of the cell extend outward to move the cell, they are slender in shape.

58
Q

Alveolata synapomorphy

A

Cells have sac like structures called alveoli that form a continuous layer just under the plasma membrane l. Alveoli are thought to provide support.

59
Q

Stramenopila synapomorphy

A

If flagella are present cells usually have two - one of which is covered with hairlike projections

60
Q

7 Protist lineages

A

Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta, Excavata, Plantae, Rhizaria, Alveolata, Stramenopila

61
Q

Where did primary endosymbiosis

A

Plantae

62
Q

Where did secondary symbiosis occur

A

Diplomonads

63
Q

What are alveoli

A

Small sacs; major structure for Alveolates provides support for the cel membrane

64
Q

What protist lineage adjusts plants

A

Alveolata

65
Q

Common in marine plankton & the digestive tract of cows goats sheep help digest plants by feeding on plant matter

A

Ciliates

66
Q
  • Unicellular marine often endosymbiotic in corals & other organisms
  • cell wall made up of cellulose plates
  • ‘blooms’ (60 million/ liter) that are toxic to shellfish and the humans that eat shellfish
A

Dinoflagellates

67
Q

Photosynthetic from secondary symbiosis

A

Dinoflagellates

68
Q

Causes malaria

A

Plasmodium (reservoir - mosquitoes)

69
Q

Red ride usually in warm water kills fishes in sea

A

Alga blooms

70
Q

Hairy flagellum

A

Stramopila

71
Q

Distinctive flagellum with ______

A

Hollow

72
Q

Marine or freshwater protist lineage

A

Stramenopiles

73
Q

Seaweeds and kelp

A

Stramenopiles

74
Q

Made of calcium carbonate shells @ very abundant in marine sea floor communities

A

Rhizaria

75
Q

Where did the synapomorphy of gaining mitochondria be?

A

Eukaryotes

76
Q

Where would the synapomorphy of losing mitochondria be?

A

Excavata

77
Q

Three types of excavates

A

Trypanosoma (Chagas disease and sleeping sickness), Euglena ( photosynthetic - secondary symbiosis), Giardia ( water-borne parasite)

78
Q

Unicellular, have an excavated feeding groove on one side of the cell, loss of mitochondria

A

Excavates

79
Q

Mostly unicellular, plasmodial slime molds form a large web (a single super cell with many nuclei in one cell), important decomposers in forests, movie by ameoboid motion

A

Slime molds (Ameobozoa)

80
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Fake feet

Ameoboid motion

81
Q

Where did he synapomorphy of evolution of multicellulary occur?

A

Opisthokonta

82
Q

What type of group is Plantae

A

Monophyletic

83
Q

What is the synapomorphy if red algae

A

High levels of phycoerythrin

84
Q

High levels of phycoerythrin

A

Can live at greater depths due to red pigments that absorb blue and green light

85
Q

red algae secreting calcium carbonate causes

A

Stabilization of coral reefs

86
Q

Porphyra is

A

Seaweed (sushi)

87
Q

What is also known as chlorophytes

A

Green algae

88
Q

What are unicellular multicellular or colonial ; freshwater marine or moist terrestrial habitats & basal to land plants

A

Green algae

89
Q

Ulva is also known as

A

Sea lettuce (2 cells thick)

90
Q

Stoneworts are also known as

A

Charophytes

91
Q

Charophytes form _____, are ____ algae and are

A

Beds on bottom of lake; freshwater ; multicellular

92
Q

Multicellular green algal groups that live in ponds gave rise to _____

A

Multicellular land plants

93
Q

4 major innovations of land plants

A

1 live on land (land plants)
2 vascular tissue ( vascular plants)
3 seeds ( seed plants)
4 seeds in fruits; flowers (flowering plants)

94
Q

Where is the synapomorphy of cuticles located

A

Non vascular plants

95
Q

Where is the synapomorphy of stomata located

A

Before mosses

96
Q

Where is the apomorphy of vascular tissue located

A

Mosses

97
Q

What is the importance of the synapomorphy of cuticles

A

Prevents water loss or drying out

98
Q

Synapomorphies of survival in air (on land) are

A

Cuticles and stomata

99
Q

Synapomorphies of stay upright in air (on land)

A

Vascular tissue:
Xylem (up)
Phloem (down)

100
Q

Synapomorphies of reproduce in air (on land)

A

Seeds

101
Q

Gymnosperm translated as

A

Naked seed

102
Q

Synapomorphies of disperse seeds on land

A

Seeds enclosed in a fruit

103
Q

Angiosperm translates to

A

Vessel for seed

104
Q

4 Major Land Plant Transitions

A

1 survival in air
2 stay upright in air
3 reproduce in air
4 disperse seeds on land

105
Q

3 trends in plant evolution

A
  • alternation of generations
  • sporophyte dominated life cycle
  • heterospory
106
Q

2n

A

Diploid

107
Q

No

A

Haploid

108
Q

Egg + Sperm

A

Zygote

109
Q

Cell division that results in replication

A

Mitosis (2n -> 2n)

110
Q

Cell division that reduces chromosome number

A

Meiosis (2n ->n)

111
Q

Where did alternations of generations form

A

Before red algae

112
Q

Where did sporophyte dominated life cycle form

A

Before seedless vascular plants

113
Q

Where did heterospory form

A

Before gymnosperms

Biology 106 (1 decks)

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