Diversity Of Life Flashcards
0
Q
A shared derived trait is…
A
Synapomorphy
1
Q
What are the three domains of life?
A
Prokaryotes, Archae and Eukaryotes
2
Q
A derived trait (not shared) is…
A
Apomorphy
3
Q
Includes ancestor and ALL descendants
A
Monophyletic clade
4
Q
Includes ancestor and SOME descendants
A
Paraphyletic clade
5
Q
What dominates the history of life?
A
Microbes
6
Q
Microbes where what at first?
A
Prokaryotes
7
Q
Simple primitive life forms 8 billion years ago are
A
Microbes
8
Q
Responsible for most metabolism on Earth
A
Microbes
9
Q
Fix ______ and produce _______
A
Nitrogen; Oxygen
10
Q
Why study microbes? (6)
A
- Responsible for most metabolism on Earth
- Fix Nitrogen
- Produce Oxygen
- Human Health (mouth, gut, etc)
- 10x more microbes in your body than human cells
- It’s microbial world & we just living in it
11
Q
How do we identify microbes?
A
- Microscopy
- Culturing
- Metagenomics
12
Q
5 useful traits for distinguishing microbes
A
Size, shape & motility
Gram staining
Whether they’re phototrophic chemotrophic or heterotrophic
13
Q
What size are microbes?
A
Most bacteria are about 1 um in diameter but some are much larger
14
Q
What shapes do microbes come in?
A
Rods, spheres, spirals in some species adhere to form chains
15
Q
What motility do microbes have?
A
Some bacteria are nonmotile, but swimming and gliding are common
16
Q
Gram staining changes color of what
A
Peptidoglycan
17
Q
What stains more gram-positive cells or gram-negative cells
A
Gram-positive cells
18
Q
Use light to produce food
A
Phototrophic
19
Q
Uses chemicals to produce food
A
Chemotrophic
20
Q
Consumes other organisms as good
A
Heterotrophic
21
Q
What are the four main groups of bacteria?
A
Spirochaetes, Chlamydiae, Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria (5)
22
Q
What type of class is bacteria ?
A
Monophyletic clade
23
Q
What is a distinguishing trait of spirochetes?
A
They have axial filaments ( modified flagella ) used for cork-screw like motion
24
Two types of spirochetes
- T. padillum causes syphilis
| - Borellia causes Lyme disease
25
What is an endosymbiont and what is an example of it
Endosymbionts live in the cells of the host (parasitic)
| An example would be Chlamydiae
26
What is also known as blue - green algae?
Cyanobacteria
27
What bacteria is responsible for oxygen on earth?
Cyanobacteria
28
Why are Cyanobacteria, many of which are quite large, considered members of the domain bacteria ?
Because they lack a true nucleus
29
Why are Cyanobacteria also called blue-green algae ?
reason is that cyanobacteria appeared to look a lot like green algae when they were first discovered. We now know that they really are bacteria (prokaryotes). Cyanobacteria appear coloured because they contain the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll (green) and photocyanin (blue). This means that they can produce their own food.
30
What does anaerobic mean?
No oxygen
31
What does aerobic mean?
Oxygen
32
What bacteria performs oxygen-producing photosynthesis?
Cyanobacteria
33
How long was there no free molecular oxygen on earth?
For the first 2.3 billion years
34
Origin of chloroplast DNA in plants
Cyanobacteria
35
Convert nitrogen into ammonia (usable form)
Cyanobacteria
36
Cyanobacteria use nitrogen to make (2)
Proteins and DNA
37
Cyanobacteria are _______
Heterocyst
38
An example of Cyanobacteria
Pond scum (reddish color - harmful)
39
Origin of mitochondria through endosymbiosis comes from
Proteobacteria
40
Examples of Proteobacteria are
```
E. coli
Salmonella
Vibrio
Legionnaires disease
Gonorrhea
Cholera
Food poisoning
Typhus
Ulcers
Diarrhea
Dysentery
```
41
What Proteobacteria causes typhoid fever (food borne illness)
Salmonella
42
What's the most studied bacteria that stains pink when gram staining is performed?
E. Coli (Proteobacteria)
43
How do Proteobacteria reproduce?
Through binary fission, usually a single circular chromosome contains most or all of DNA
44
What is binary fission?
Division in half (asexual reproduction)
45
What is a eukaryote? (3)
True Nucleus
Endosymbiosis = Mitochondria
Other organelles too
46
Eukaryotes have _ _ _
DNA
47
Nuclear DNA
Chromosomes (genome)
48
Mitochondrial DNA
Circular genome
49
How where eukaryotes created?
Endosymbiosis origins
50
Mitochondria is related to _____
Proteobacteria
51
What type of clade is Protists
Paraphyletic
52
All eukaryotes are Protists except (3)
Fungi
Animals
Land plants
53
Amoebozoa synapomorphy
Cells lack cell walls. When portions of the cell extend outward to move the cell, they form large lobes.
54
Opisthokonta synapomorphy
Reproductive cells have a single flagellum at their base. The cristae inside mitochondria are flat, not tube-shaped as in other eukaryotes.
55
Excavata synapomorphy
Most cells have a pronounced "feeding groove" where prey or organic debris is ingested. Most species lack typical mitochondria, although genes derived from mitochondria are found in the nucleus
56
Plantae synapomorphy
Cells have chloroplasts with a double membrane.
57
Rhizaria synapomorphy
Cells lack cell walls although some produce an elaborate shell-like covering. When portions of the cell extend outward to move the cell, they are slender in shape.
58
Alveolata synapomorphy
Cells have sac like structures called alveoli that form a continuous layer just under the plasma membrane l. Alveoli are thought to provide support.
59
Stramenopila synapomorphy
If flagella are present cells usually have two - one of which is covered with hairlike projections
60
7 Protist lineages
Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta, Excavata, Plantae, Rhizaria, Alveolata, Stramenopila
61
Where did primary endosymbiosis
Plantae
62
Where did secondary symbiosis occur
Diplomonads
63
What are alveoli
Small sacs; major structure for Alveolates provides support for the cel membrane
64
What protist lineage adjusts plants
Alveolata
65
Common in marine plankton & the digestive tract of cows goats sheep help digest plants by feeding on plant matter
Ciliates
66
- Unicellular marine often endosymbiotic in corals & other organisms
- cell wall made up of cellulose plates
- 'blooms' (60 million/ liter) that are toxic to shellfish and the humans that eat shellfish
Dinoflagellates
67
Photosynthetic from secondary symbiosis
Dinoflagellates
68
Causes malaria
Plasmodium (reservoir - mosquitoes)
69
Red ride usually in warm water kills fishes in sea
Alga blooms
70
Hairy flagellum
Stramopila
71
Distinctive flagellum with ______
Hollow
72
Marine or freshwater protist lineage
Stramenopiles
73
Seaweeds and kelp
Stramenopiles
74
Made of calcium carbonate shells @ very abundant in marine sea floor communities
Rhizaria
75
Where did the synapomorphy of gaining mitochondria be?
Eukaryotes
76
Where would the synapomorphy of losing mitochondria be?
Excavata
77
Three types of excavates
Trypanosoma (Chagas disease and sleeping sickness), Euglena ( photosynthetic - secondary symbiosis), Giardia ( water-borne parasite)
78
Unicellular, have an excavated feeding groove on one side of the cell, loss of mitochondria
Excavates
79
Mostly unicellular, plasmodial slime molds form a large web (a single super cell with many nuclei in one cell), important decomposers in forests, movie by ameoboid motion
Slime molds (Ameobozoa)
80
Pseudopodia
Fake feet
| Ameoboid motion
81
Where did he synapomorphy of evolution of multicellulary occur?
Opisthokonta
82
What type of group is Plantae
Monophyletic
83
What is the synapomorphy if red algae
High levels of phycoerythrin
84
High levels of phycoerythrin
Can live at greater depths due to red pigments that absorb blue and green light
85
red algae secreting calcium carbonate causes
Stabilization of coral reefs
86
Porphyra is
Seaweed (sushi)
87
What is also known as chlorophytes
Green algae
88
What are unicellular multicellular or colonial ; freshwater marine or moist terrestrial habitats & basal to land plants
Green algae
89
Ulva is also known as
Sea lettuce (2 cells thick)
90
Stoneworts are also known as
Charophytes
91
Charophytes form _____, are ____ algae and are
Beds on bottom of lake; freshwater ; multicellular
92
Multicellular green algal groups that live in ponds gave rise to _____
Multicellular land plants
93
4 major innovations of land plants
1 live on land (land plants)
2 vascular tissue ( vascular plants)
3 seeds ( seed plants)
4 seeds in fruits; flowers (flowering plants)
94
Where is the synapomorphy of cuticles located
Non vascular plants
95
Where is the synapomorphy of stomata located
Before mosses
96
Where is the apomorphy of vascular tissue located
Mosses
97
What is the importance of the synapomorphy of cuticles
Prevents water loss or drying out
98
Synapomorphies of survival in air (on land) are
Cuticles and stomata
99
Synapomorphies of stay upright in air (on land)
Vascular tissue:
Xylem (up)
Phloem (down)
100
Synapomorphies of reproduce in air (on land)
Seeds
101
Gymnosperm translated as
Naked seed
102
Synapomorphies of disperse seeds on land
Seeds enclosed in a fruit
103
Angiosperm translates to
Vessel for seed
104
4 Major Land Plant Transitions
1 survival in air
2 stay upright in air
3 reproduce in air
4 disperse seeds on land
105
3 trends in plant evolution
- alternation of generations
- sporophyte dominated life cycle
- heterospory
106
2n
Diploid
107
No
Haploid
108
Egg + Sperm
Zygote
109
Cell division that results in replication
Mitosis (2n -> 2n)
110
Cell division that reduces chromosome number
Meiosis (2n ->n)
111
Where did alternations of generations form
Before red algae
112
Where did sporophyte dominated life cycle form
Before seedless vascular plants
113
Where did heterospory form
Before gymnosperms
