Diversity of Life

Question 1

Yi et al

Answer 1

Tibet

Question 2

which is more important in generating biological diversity? stochasticity or determinism

Answer 2

stochasticity

Question 3

what are the two adaptations of reptiles to conserve water?

Answer 3

1. reduced glomeruli (reduces amount of water that is lost to urine) 2. able to eliminate nitrogenous waste as acid that is deposited into the cloaca

Question 4

findings of E.coli experiment

Answer 4

1. Fitness increases without apparent bound
2. Means that it must be very unlikely that evolution has maximized fitnes

Question 5

Give an example of beauty as its related to evolution

Answer 5

Male has changes to his ulna, wingbone, has an unusual shape that allows the bird to make this sound.
Argument: weird shape hurts his ability to fly [COST].
Case of aesthetic evolution – selection for beauty, maladaptive - can’t find an adaptive explanation
Population is headed for extinction because fitness going down because both men and female have to pay the cost

Question 6

What did Curiosity rover detect in Mars in June ‘19

Answer 6

Methane Spike

Question 7

Three Domain System

Answer 7

1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukaryotes

Question 8

Hominina

Answer 8

genus Homo

Question 9

glomerular kidney:
-vertebrate kidneys are composed of thousands of nephrons. each nephron is a filtering unit that consists of: (3 things)

Answer 9

1. convoluted tubule 2. glomerulus 3. longitudinal collecting duct

Question 10

Almost all vertebrates need to maintain a constant solute concentration to survive, which requires what?

Answer 10

regulation

Question 11

What are the 3 functions of the kidney in vertebrates?

Answer 11

1. Retention/expulsion of water 2. elimination of waste 3. regulation of solute concentrations

Question 12

Coexistence means long-term co-occurence of what?

Answer 12

many species

Question 13

What is the analysis of the tree of life in terms of bacteria?

Answer 13

Bacteria is a sister group to all these things.

Question 14

What is the shape of the curve for the three domain graph? In Mora et. al?

Answer 14

C shaped from left going up to right

Question 15

Stochastic

Answer 15

involving chance or probability

Question 16

Hominin

Answer 16

chimps and humans

Question 17

findings of hubbell and foster (Q2)

When _____ environment changes from one to the next, evolution can’t produce __________

Answer 17

selective, consistency

Question 18

What is a hominid?

Answer 18

a member of the family hominidae, which includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans

Question 19

what is the function of the Convoluted tubule?

Answer 19

reabsorbs important components

Question 20

What 2 hypotheses could explain our path of Africa?

Answer 20

1. southern migration from Africa to Australasia 2. There could have been one migration out of Africa to the north, followed by subsequent migration and division

Question 21

Five Factor Model (FFM): O C E A N

Answer 21

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Question 22

what concentration is isotonic?

Answer 22

the same concentration of water and solutes

Question 23

competitive exclusion principle

Answer 23

proposition that two species which compete for the same limited resource cannot both have consistent population values

Question 24

What happened in Petigura et al. (2013)

Answer 24

Explains the searching for planets orbiting sun-like stars that are observable within the kepler field

Question 25

E coli experiment

Answer 25

Grow in homogeneous environments in a lab in flasks, move them (1% each day) to a new flask and freeze some of the population, and then repeat Populations currently experience about 7 doublings per day Large samples of each population are frozen with glycerol

Question 26

lexical hypothesis

Answer 26

word patterns reveal something about personality

Question 27

what are two probable causes for the methane spike?

Answer 27

biological and geological

Question 28

Grand prismatic spring in Yellowstone National Park, extremely hot conditions. what lives here?

Answer 28

thermophilic organism—a type of extremophile—that thrives at high temperatures

Question 29

rarity

Answer 29

species have losses that are not replaced

Question 30

what is active transport?

Answer 30

Movement of solutes against a concentration gradient is made possible by active transport, which requires energy

Question 31

Hubbell and Foster

Answer 31

- Quantified the biotic neighborhoods around 98 tree species in a diverse tropical forest in Panama - Dispersal limitation pattern is very clumped, likely faced competition from itself

Question 32

what species had an adaptation in order to conserve water?

Answer 32

birds, reptiles, amphibians,mammals and marine fishes

Question 33

What is teh role of the Glomerulus?

Answer 33

it is a filtering unit of a nephron

Question 34

what % of observable Sun-like stars have planets of Earth-size in the habitable zone (HZ)

Answer 34

22

Question 35

5 foundations of morality

Answer 35

care/harm fairness/cheating loyalty/betrayal authority/subversion sanctity/degradation

Question 36

what happens in the collecting duct

Answer 36

collects waste for excretion

Question 37

Kidneys work by ____ and _____

Answer 37

osmosis and diffusion

Question 38

findings of hubbell and foster (Q1) ____ of species similarity among their _____ nearest neighbors

Answer 38

30, 20%

Question 39

1. Fixed to ground, doesn't move 2. The selective environment is the neighborhood are all examples of an ________ __________ of a plant

Answer 39

selective environment

Question 40

Deterministic

Answer 40

view that all events are determined by preexisting causes

Question 41

Net osmosis is ____ when the solute concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane:

Answer 41

0

Question 42

What is the habitable zone?

Answer 42

range of distances that allow water to exist in liquid form

Question 43

what is the concentration of hypotonic?

Answer 43

low

Question 44

the glomerular kidney was modified in freshwater fishes to eliminate _____?

Answer 44

water

Question 45

forests are light ____

Answer 45

limited

Question 46

the Milky Way galaxy contains about # _____ stars

Answer 46

200 B

Question 47

name the 3 conditions where chance is important:

Answer 47

1. high diversity coupled with random mortality 2. unpredictability of the competitive environment 3. dispersal limitation

Question 48

Homini

Answer 48

monophyletic group that contains 3 clades: Genus homo (humans) Australopithecine (extinct humans) and Panini (chimpanzee)