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Diversity of Life > Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Diversity of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Yi et al

A

Tibet

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2
Q

which is more important in generating biological diversity? stochasticity or determinism

A

stochasticity

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3
Q

what are the two adaptations of reptiles to conserve water?

A
  1. reduced glomeruli (reduces amount of water that is lost to urine) 2. able to eliminate nitrogenous waste as acid that is deposited into the cloaca
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4
Q

findings of E.coli experiment

A
  1. Fitness increases without apparent bound
  2. Means that it must be very unlikely that evolution has maximized fitnes
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5
Q

Give an example of beauty as its related to evolution

A

Male has changes to his ulna, wingbone, has an unusual shape that allows the bird to make this sound.
Argument: weird shape hurts his ability to fly [COST].
Case of aesthetic evolution – selection for beauty, maladaptive - can’t find an adaptive explanation
Population is headed for extinction because fitness going down because both men and female have to pay the cost

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6
Q

What did Curiosity rover detect in Mars in June ‘19

A

Methane Spike

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7
Q

Three Domain System

A
  1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukaryotes
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8
Q

Hominina

A

genus Homo

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9
Q

glomerular kidney:
-vertebrate kidneys are composed of thousands of nephrons. each nephron is a filtering unit that consists of: (3 things)

A
  1. convoluted tubule 2. glomerulus 3. longitudinal collecting duct
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10
Q

Almost all vertebrates need to maintain a constant solute concentration to survive, which requires what?

A

regulation

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11
Q

What are the 3 functions of the kidney in vertebrates?

A
  1. Retention/expulsion of water 2. elimination of waste 3. regulation of solute concentrations
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12
Q

Coexistence means long-term co-occurence of what?

A

many species

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13
Q

What is the analysis of the tree of life in terms of bacteria?

A

Bacteria is a sister group to all these things.

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14
Q

What is the shape of the curve for the three domain graph? In Mora et. al?

A

C shaped from left going up to right

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15
Q

Stochastic

A

involving chance or probability

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16
Q

Hominin

A

chimps and humans

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17
Q

findings of hubbell and foster (Q2)

When _____ environment changes from one to the next, evolution can’t produce __________

A

selective, consistency

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18
Q

What is a hominid?

A

a member of the family hominidae, which includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans

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19
Q

what is the function of the Convoluted tubule?

A

reabsorbs important components

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20
Q

What 2 hypotheses could explain our path of Africa?

A
  1. southern migration from Africa to Australasia 2. There could have been one migration out of Africa to the north, followed by subsequent migration and division
21
Q

Five Factor Model (FFM): O C E A N

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

22
Q

what concentration is isotonic?

A

the same concentration of water and solutes

23
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

proposition that two species which compete for the same limited resource cannot both have consistent population values

24
Q

What happened in Petigura et al. (2013)

A

Explains the searching for planets orbiting sun-like stars that are observable within the kepler field

25
Q

E coli experiment

A

Grow in homogeneous environments in a lab in flasks, move them (1% each day) to a new flask and freeze some of the population, and then repeat
Populations currently experience about 7 doublings per day
Large samples of each population are frozen with glycerol

26
Q

lexical hypothesis

A

word patterns reveal something about personality

27
Q

what are two probable causes for the methane spike?

A

biological and geological

28
Q

Grand prismatic spring in Yellowstone National Park, extremely hot conditions. what lives here?

A

thermophilic organism—a type of extremophile—that thrives at high temperatures

29
Q

rarity

A

species have losses that are not replaced

30
Q

what is active transport?

A

Movement of solutes against a concentration gradient is made possible by active transport, which requires energy

31
Q

Hubbell and Foster

A
  • Quantified the biotic neighborhoods around 98 tree species in a diverse tropical forest in Panama
  • Dispersal limitation pattern is very clumped, likely faced competition from itself
32
Q

what species had an adaptation in order to conserve water?

A

birds, reptiles, amphibians,mammals and marine fishes

33
Q

What is teh role of the Glomerulus?

A

it is a filtering unit of a nephron

34
Q

what % of observable Sun-like stars have planets of Earth-size in the habitable zone (HZ)

A

22

35
Q

5 foundations of morality

A

care/harm
fairness/cheating
loyalty/betrayal
authority/subversion
sanctity/degradation

36
Q

what happens in the collecting duct

A

collects waste for excretion

37
Q

Kidneys work by ____ and _____

A

osmosis and diffusion

38
Q

findings of hubbell and foster (Q1)

____ of species similarity among their _____ nearest neighbors

A

30, 20%

39
Q
  1. Fixed to ground, doesn’t move
  2. The selective environment is the neighborhood

are all examples of an ________ __________ of a plant

A

selective environment

40
Q

Deterministic

A

view that all events are determined by preexisting causes

41
Q

Net osmosis is ____ when the solute concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane:

A

0

42
Q

What is the habitable zone?

A

range of distances that allow water to exist in liquid form

43
Q

what is the concentration of hypotonic?

A

low

44
Q

the glomerular kidney was modified in freshwater fishes to eliminate _____?

A

water

45
Q

forests are light ____

A

limited

46
Q

the Milky Way galaxy contains about # _____ stars

A

200 B

47
Q

name the 3 conditions where chance is important:

A
  1. high diversity coupled with random mortality 2. unpredictability of the competitive environment 3. dispersal limitation
48
Q

Homini

A

monophyletic group that contains 3 clades: Genus homo (humans) Australopithecine (extinct humans) and Panini (chimpanzee)

Diversity of Life (2 decks)

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