Diversity of Life Flashcards
Properties of Life
- Order 2. Evolutionary Adaptation 3. Response to the Environment 4. Regulation (homeostasis) 5. Energy Processing 6. Growth and Development 7. Reproduction
Order
Organisms are highly organized, they contain specialized, coordinated parts, and consist of one or more cells.
Inside each cell, atoms make up molecules, which make up cell organelles and other cell inclusions (ribosomes, cytoskeleton)
In multicellular, cells form tissues, tissues create organs, organs form organ systems
Response to Environmental Stimuli and examples
All living things detect changes and respond to them
ex. plants bend towards light (phototaxis)
ex. bacteria move toward or away from chemicals (chemotaxis)
Growth and Development
All organisms grow and develop following instructions coded by their genes
Genes provide instructions that direct cellular growth so that species will grow up to exhibit many of the same characteristics as its parents
Evolutionary Adaptation
Individuals with traits that contribute to reproduction and survival in a particular environment will leave more offspring
What are advantageous traits
Adaptations
Will become more common in population
What is the process of evolutionary adaptation called
Evolution by natural selection, explains the diverse species seen in biology
Energy Processing
All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities
ex. autotrophs and heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Organisms capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy in food
Heterotrophs
Use chemical energy in molecules they take in as food
Regulation (Homeostasis)
Organisms are able to maintain internal conditions within a narrow range almost constantly
Which feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis and What do they do
Negative Feedback Loop
Oppose the stimulus that triggers them
ex. if body is too cold it causes shivering
ex. body too hot it causes sweat to regulate body temp
Process of Negative Feedback Loop
Stimulus -> Sensor -> Control -> Effector
Reproduction
Single-celled and Multicellular
Single-celled organisms reproduce by first duplicating their DNA -> divide it equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells
Multicellular produce specialized reproductive germ line cells (which produce either sperm of egg cells)
What happens when reproduction occurs
Genes are passes along to an organisms offspring this ensures that the offspring will belong to the same species and have similar characteristics (size and shape)
What are the Levels of Biological Organization
- Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Community 4. Population 5. Organism 6. Organs and Organ system 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules
Biosphere
Part of planet supporting life and all of the organisms that live there
Ecosystem
A community of living organisms (plants, animals, and microbes) in conjunction with non-living components of their environment (air, water, and mineral soil)
Community
Populations of different species that live together in a defined area or region
Population
All individuals (organisms) of a given specific species in a defined area or region
Organ system
Group of organs that work together to perform a certain task
Organ
Functional grouping of tissues
Tissue
Collection of cells that is specialized to perform one or more particular function
Cell
Lowest level of organization that can perform ALL activities required for life
Organelle
A differentiated structure within a cell that performs a specific function
Molecule
Smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the chemical properties of that element or compound
Taxonomy
Branch of science that names and classifies biological organisms (living or extinct) and organizes them according to their similarities
Order of taxonomic groups from BROADEST to most SPECIFIC
Dashing King Philip Came Over From Great Spain
Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
What are the 3 domains of Life
Bacteria & Archaea, Eukarya
Domain Bacteria
What is it composed of?
What is the kingdom
Composed of Prokaryotes
Kingdom Eubacteria “Eu” (true)
What is Archaea and examples
Special type of Prokaryote found in harsh/inhospitable environments (undersea volcanic vents, salty water)
ex. halophiles (salty environments), thermophiles (heat producing or heat prone areas), acidophiles/alkaliphiles
Domain Archaea
What is it composed of?
What is the kingdom?
Prokaryotes
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Domain Eukarya
What is it composed of?
examples? Kingdom names?
Composed of eukaryotes
ex. protists, fungi, plants, and animals
Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
examples?
cell type?
cell wall?
Includes yeast(unicellular) , mildew, molds, and mushrooms (multicellular)
Cell wall strengthened by chitin
What do multicellular species such as molds, mildew, and mushrooms form
Long chains of cells called filamentous fungi
Morphological elements of filamentous fungi
examples?
Hyphae (long thread like structures)
(collection is called mycelium)
Vegetative hyphae
Aerial Hyphae
Reproductive (or fertile) Hyphae
Different types of hyphae
What is found in most members?
Vegetative hyphae - penetrate supporting medium and absorb nutrients
Aerial hyphae - projects above supporting medium
Reproductive hyphae - aerial hyphae that carry different spores
A cell wall strengthened by chitin
Kingdom Plantae
examples?
cell type?
cell wall?
Vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms(non-flowering), angiosperms(flowering)
Non-vascular plants (mosses, hornworts, liverworts)
cells are eukaryotic and autotrophs, multicellular
cell wall contains cellulose
Gymnosperms
examples
vascular, non-flowering
ex. fir, spruce, pine
Kingdom Animalia
examples?
cell type?
cell wall?
heterotrophic or autotrophic?
Includes animals with and without backbones (invertebrates and vertebrates)
ex. sponges, jellyfish, worms, amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles, starfish, and insects
Multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophs
No cell wall, extracellular matrix made up of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
What is unique in only kingdom animalia
Nervous tissue and muscle tissue
What are Hox genes?
Why are they important?
Homeotic genes
regulate the development of body form
important in the development of animal embryos, control the anterior to posterior organization of the body
Kingdom Protista
examples?
cell type?
heterotrophic or autotrophic?
Any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant of fungus
ex. algae, protozoa, slime molds
multicellular (brown algae) or unicellular (diatoms, amoeba, paramecium)
autotrophic or heterotrophic
Binomial Nomenclature
Formal scientific system naming organisms consisting of genus and species
genus -> homo
species -> sapiens
Which taxonomy groups make up a binomial nomenclature?
Genus and Species
