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Principles Y1, Histology > Diversity of Cells and Their Functions > Flashcards

Diversity of Cells and Their Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What are fixatives?

A

Used to preserve the structure of the tissue

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2
Q

Why do we impregnate a tissue with parafin wax?

A

Gives structural integrity to the piece of tissue in a super thin slice so it can be viewed through a microscope.

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3
Q

What is a Microtome?

A

Used for creating very thin slice of tissue for viewing under a microscope.

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4
Q

Name the dyes H & E

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin

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5
Q

What is Haematoxylin?

A

A Basic dye with an affinity for acidic molecules. (dyes tissue Purple)

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6
Q

What is Eosin?

A

An acidic dye with an affinity for Basic molecules. (dyes tissue Pink)

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7
Q

Name the 4 Basic Tissue types

A
  • Epithelium
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle
  • Nervous tissue
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8
Q

Describe the traits of Epithelium.

A
  • Covers surfaces of the body, lines hollow organs, forms glands.
  • Non-vascular
  • Typically polarised (apical and basal sides differ)
  • Large extracellular matrix components, “basal Lamina”
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9
Q

Name the functions of Epithelium.

A
  • Strong adhesion resulting in effective Mechanical Barrier.
  • Chemical barrier (lining of stomach)
  • Absorption (lining of intestines)
  • secretion (salivary gland)
  • Containment (urinary bladder)
  • Locomotion (oviduct)
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10
Q

Describe the shape classification of Epithelium.

A

Squamous - Flattened (fish scale)
Cuboidal - Cube
Columnar - Tall and thin

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11
Q

Describe the layer classification of Epithelium.

A

Simple - One layer
Stratified - Two or more layers
Pseudostratified - Tissue appears to have multiple layers

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12
Q

Name some of the specialised components of Epithelium tissue.

A

Cell/Tissue surface - Prominent microvilli, Cilia, keratinised.

Presence of specialised cell types - Goblet cells (single celled mucous glands)

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13
Q

Describe Glandular Epithelia

A

Endocrine Glands - secrete at basal end of cell, trying to get product to enter bloodstream.
Exocrine Glands - secrete towards apical end of cell, trying to get product into a duct or onto body surface.

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14
Q

Name and give examples for the 3 types of connective tissue.

A

Soft Connective Tissue - Tendons, ligaments, mesentery
Hard connective tissue - Bone and cartilage
Blood and lymph - Partially considered as a specialised type of connective tissue.

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15
Q

What else does connect tissue consist of?

A

Extra cellular matrix.
Cells.
The type of connective tissue is determined by the types and relative amounts of these.

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16
Q

What does the Extracellular matrix consist of?

A

Fibres: collagen, reticular and elastic fibres.
Ground substance: Amorphous space
occupying material, made of huge
unbranched polysaccharide molecules called
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Tissue fluid

17
Q

What do the cells found in connective tissue consist of?

A

Fibroblasts: Widely distributed cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix.
Adipose cells: fat cells, found scattered among many connective tissues.
Osteocytes: Cells of bone
Chondrocytes: Cells of cartilage

18
Q

What are the two types of soft connective tissue?

A

Loose and Dense

19
Q

Describe the makeup of loose, soft connective tissue.

A

Loosely packed fibres separated by abundant ground substance.

20
Q

Describe the makeup of Dense, Soft connective tissue

A

Densely packed bundles of collagen fibres. Dense regular Connective Tissue if fibres are aligned (tendon) or dense irregular if fibre bundles run in many directions. (e.g. Dermis of the skin)

21
Q

Describe cartilage - Hard connective tissue.

A

Strong, flexible, compressible, semi rigid tissue.

-> semi rigid nature comes from highly hydrated nature of the ground substance (GAG’s and proteoglycans)

22
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage.

23
Q

Describe Bone - Hard connective tissue.

A
  • Dense cortical outer-shell (diaphysis)

- Cancellous or trabecular bone occupies the ends of the bone. (the Epiphyses)

24
Q

what are the small canals that penetrate bone to supply it with blood vessels and nerves.

A

Haversian canals.

25
Q

What are the major types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth, cardiac and skeletal.

26
Q

How is force produced in muscle tissue?

A

By the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres.

27
Q

Describe smooth muscle.

A

(AKA involuntary or visceral) made up of long spindly cells. Called smooth due to the lack of visible striations.

28
Q

Describe Skeletal muscle

A

(AKA Voluntary or striated muscle).
Conscious control.
Multi-nucleated, cylindrical cell

29
Q

Describe Cardiac muscle?

A

Forms the wall of the heart. Cardiac muscle has striations.
Intercalated discs, can be seen passing across the fibres at irregular intervals. contain many intracellular junctions to maintain mechanical integrity.

30
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Contains neurons and glial support cells.

Nervous tissue is supported by a connective tissue coat. (meninges - CNS) (Epineurium - PNS)

31
Q

Describe Glia

A

Astrocytes: support and ion transport
Oligodendrocytes: Produce myelin
Microglia: Provide immune surveillance
Schwann cells (PNS): produce myelin and support axons

Principles Y1, Histology (4 decks)

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