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Diversity in Living world Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is systematics?

A

The scientific study that attempts to recognise, describe, name, and arrange diverse organisms according to an organised plan based on unique features of species and groups.

The term comes from the Greek word ‘systems’ meaning order or sequence.

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2
Q

What are the four parts of systematics?

A
  • Identification
  • Classification
  • Nomenclature
  • Taxonomy
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3
Q

What is the basis of classification?

A

The scientific arrangement of an organism in a specific hierarchical series of groups based on similarities and differences.

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4
Q

Who classified animals based on their habitats?

A

Aristotle

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5
Q

What are the basic objectives of classification?

A
  • To recognise and distribute basic units of classification (species)
  • To devise criteria for assigning these units into groups
  • To show evolutionary changes of organisms
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6
Q

What historical classification systems were proposed?

A
  • Viviparous and oviparous classification
  • Major groups by Hippocrates and Aristotle
  • Artificial classification by Pliny the Elder
  • Species categorization by John Ray
  • Binomial nomenclature by Carolus Linnaeus
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7
Q

What is the hierarchical system of classification?

A
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum (for animals)/Division (for plants)
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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8
Q

What is the binomial system of nomenclature?

A

A naming system where each organism has a name consisting of two words: the genus (generic name) and the species (specific name).

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9
Q

What is the scientific name for dog?

A

Canis familiaris

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10
Q

What was the two kingdom system proposed by Linnaeus?

A

Animals and Plants

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11
Q

What are the three types of Archaebacteria?

A
  • Methanogens
  • Halophiles
  • Thermoacidophiles
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12
Q

What are the general characteristics of Monera?

A
  • Unicellular organisms
  • No membrane-bound nucleus
  • Asexual reproduction (binary fission)
  • Autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition
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13
Q

Who discovered bacteria and when?

A

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek in 1683

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14
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria?

A
  • Coccus (spherical)
  • Bacillus (rod)
  • Spirillum (spiral)
  • Vibrio (comma-shaped)
  • Stalked
  • Budding
  • Mycelial (filamentous)
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15
Q

What is pasteurisation?

A

A process developed by Louis Pasteur to kill harmful bacteria in milk without altering its content and flavor.

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16
Q

What are the two methods of pasteurisation?

A
  • Low temperature long time process (LT & LTP)
  • High temperature short time process (HT & STP)
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17
Q

What are Actinomycetes known for?

A

Producing antibiotics and forming branching filaments.

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18
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

Photosynthetic bacteria common in aquatic environments, responsible for blooms in polluted waters.

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19
Q

What are the major groups of Protista?

A
  • Photosynthetic Protists
  • Protozoan Protists
  • Consumer-decomposes Protists
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20
Q

What is the significance of protists in ecosystems?

A
  • Pathogenic roles
  • Primary producers in food chains
  • Sources of useful substances
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21
Q

What are the general characteristics of Protista?

A
  • Eukaryotic cells with organelles
  • Cell wall composed of cellulose or silica
  • Reproduction can be sexual or asexual
  • Modes of nutrition can be autotrophic, heterotrophic, or both
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22
Q

What defines fungi?

A

Eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic and have a cell wall but lack chlorophyll.

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23
Q

What are the types of fungi based on nourishment?

A
  • Saprophytic Fungi
  • Parasitic Fungi
  • Mutualistic Fungi
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24
Q

What are fungi defined as?

A

A group of eukaryotic organisms that are usually thallophytes, simple plants not differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves.

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25
Q

What type of organisms are fungi primarily classified as?

A

Heterotrophic organisms.

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26
Q

What are the three main types of fungi based on their nourishment?

A
  • Saprophytic Fungi
  • Parasitic Fungi
  • Symbiotic Fungi
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27
Q

What do saprophytic fungi obtain their food from?

A

Decayed plants and animals, rotten residues, or organic substances.

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28
Q

Give examples of saprophytic fungi.

A
  • Rhizopus
  • Penicillium
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29
Q

What do parasitic fungi obtain their food from?

A

Other living organisms.

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30
Q

Give examples of parasitic fungi.

A
  • Puccinia
  • Ustilago
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31
Q

What is a symbiotic fungus?

A

A fungus that shows association with other living organisms for mutual benefit.

32
Q

What is the structure of the body of fungi made up of?

A

Elongated, tubular filaments known as hyphae.

33
Q

What is the body of a fungus having hyphae known as?

A

Mycelium.

34
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi made of?

A

Chitin or fungal cellulose.

35
Q

What is the food reserve in fungi?

A

Glycogen and oil.

36
Q

What are the modes of reproduction in fungi?

A
  • Sexual
  • Asexual
  • Vegetative
37
Q

How do fungi reproduce sexually?

A

Through the formation and union of two gametes or their nuclei.

38
Q

How do fungi reproduce asexually?

A

Through the formation of spores.

39
Q

Give examples of spore-forming fungi.

A
  • Yeast
  • Mushrooms
  • Aspergillus
  • Penicillium
  • Rhizopus
  • Agaricus
40
Q

What is one everyday example of fungi growth?

A

Bread turns brown or green after some days due to mold growth.

41
Q

What is one economic importance of fungi?

A

They increase soil fertility by decomposing organic substances.

42
Q

Which fungus is involved in nitrogen fixation?

A

Rhodotorula.

43
Q

What was the first antibiotic prepared from fungi?

A

Penicillin from Penicillium notatum.

44
Q

What type of fungi is used in the cheese industry?

A

Penicillium.

45
Q

What is the role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

A

Used in making bread and in the production of wine and beer.

46
Q

List some vitamins synthesized by fungi.

A
  • Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
47
Q

What are some chemicals formed with the help of fungi?

A
  • Gallic acid
  • Alcohol
  • Cortisone
  • Gluconic acid
  • Fumaric acid
  • Lactic acid
48
Q

What is a disadvantage of fungi?

A

They can spoil foodstuffs such as pickles and jams.

49
Q

Which fungi are responsible for destroying paper?

A

Torura and Demantium.

50
Q

What are the characteristics of Kingdom Plantae?

A

Includes multicellular eukaryotes, generally have chlorophyll, and are photosynthetic.

51
Q

What are the three main classifications under Kingdom Plantae?

A
  • Thallophyta
  • Bryophyta
  • Tracheophyta
52
Q

What is Thallophyta?

A

Plants that do not have a differentiated plant body.

53
Q

What do Bryophyta lack?

A

Specialized vascular tissue.

54
Q

What is a defining feature of Tracheophyta?

A

They have a well-organized vascular system.

55
Q

What are pteridophytes?

A

Seedless vascular plants that reproduce by means of spores.

56
Q

What is a general characteristic of gymnosperms?

A

They have naked seeds and lack ovaries.

57
Q

What is the main plant body of pteridophytes known as?

A

Sporophyte.

58
Q

What is the economic importance of gymnosperms?

A
  • Edible forms
  • Timber
  • Fuel
  • Medicine
  • Paper manufacturing
  • Tanning and resin
  • Decorative use
59
Q

What distinguishes angiosperms?

A

They are seed-bearing plants with seeds enclosed by an ovary (fruits).

60
Q

How many species of angiosperms exist?

A

Approximately 250,000 species.

61
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Seed bearing plants in which seeds are enclosed by ovary (fruits)

Angiosperms are characterized by flowers, which organize sporophylls, pollen grains, and ovules.

62
Q

How many species of angiosperms are there?

A

About 250,000 species

Angiosperms evolved approximately 130-160 million years ago.

63
Q

In what range of habitats can angiosperms be found?

A

From land to up to 6000 m in Himalayas or Antarctica and Tundra

This wide adaptability contributes to their extensive diversity.

64
Q

What are cotyledons?

A

Seed leaves present in the plant embryos of the seed

Cotyledons appear green when the seed germinates.

65
Q

What is the male sex organ in a flower?

A

Stamen

The female sex organ is called pistil or carpel, which encloses the ovule.

66
Q

What type of fertilization occurs in angiosperms?

A

Double fertilization

This leads to the development of a triploid (3n) endosperm from the zygote.

67
Q

What types of tissues are present in angiosperms?

A

Vascular tissues

These tissues are essential for the transport of nutrients and water.

68
Q

What are the two categories of angiosperms based on cotyledons?

A

Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons

Monocots have one cotyledon, while dicots have two.

69
Q

What is a key feature of monocotyledonous seeds?

A

Stomata are dumbbell-shaped

Other features include scattered vascular bundles and absence of secondary growth.

70
Q

Name two examples of monocots.

A

Grasses, sugarcane

Other examples include bamboo, bananas, lilies, and onions.

71
Q

What is a key feature of dicotyledonous seeds?

A

Stomata are kidney-shaped

Other features include vascular bundles in rings and often present secondary growth.

72
Q

Name two examples of dicots.

A

Hardwood tree species, pulses

Most fruits, vegetables, and spices are also classified as dicots.

73
Q

What are some economic importance of angiosperms?

A

Major food, fibre, spice, and beverage crops

They are also used in medicines, perfumes, and timber production.

74
Q

True or False: Sequoia sempervirens is the tallest gymnosperm.

A

True

Zamia pigmia is the smallest gymnosperm.

75
Q

What is considered the most primitive gymnosperm?

A

Cycas

This genus represents an early branch of gymnosperms.

76
Q

What is the common name for Sequoiadendron giganteum?

A

Father of forest

This species is also known as the redwood tree.

Biology (3 decks)

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