Diversity & Change Mega Pack Flashcards
Pre-English Period (2)
- Dominant language is Celtic and many are Latin-Celtic bilinguals
- Celtic words survive in place names e.g. -tor, -combe, -crag
Early Old English Period (3)
- Fundamental words originate from Old English e.g. in, on, into, drink, come go
- Beowulf is an example of Old English literature
- Still Latin influence in religion: ‘altar’, ‘monk’
Later Old English Period (2)
- Old Norse influence: knife, skull, anger
2. Old Norse sped up the loss of the complex declension system and went from a syntactic to an analytic language
Middle English Period (3)
- French became prestige language: new words included felony, perjury, monastery, cathedral, poetry, literature
- English speaking peasants handled ‘cows’ and ‘pigs’ but the Francophone nobility consumed the ‘beef’ and ‘pork’
- English words for nobility e.g. athel ‘noble’ and atheling ‘prince’ underwent attrition
Early Modern English Period (4)
- Use of ‘more’ and ‘-er’ inflection simultaneously is acceptable, as is negative concord
- Shakespeare’s Hamlet introduced over 600 previously unrecorded terms e.g. laughable, obscene
- Influence of Latin & Greek e.g. heliocentric and satellite
- East India Company borrowed words from India e.g. ‘jungle’ from ‘jangal’
Modern English Period (2)
- RP becomes increasingly popular after being developed by the middle and upper classes - John Walker’s pronunciation dictionary in 1791
- 1762 Lowth’s A Short Introduction to English Grammar; some 3500 rules written
Lexical Borrowing
Contemporary: ‘wok’ - Cantonese (1950s)
Historical: ‘purchase’ (vs. ‘buy’) - Old French post-1066
Lexical Attrition
Contemporary: ‘floppy-disk’
Historical: ‘athel’, ‘atheling’
Lexical Derivation
Contemporary: ‘-aholic’ e.g. ‘workaholic’, ‘shopaholic’
Lexical Conversion
Contemporary: ‘to google’ from ‘google’
Lexical Backformation
Contemporary: ‘to televise’ from ‘television’
Lexical Blending
Contemporary: ‘smog’ from ‘smoke’ + ‘fog’
Lexical Compounding
Contemporary: ‘laptop’
Historical: ‘bookcase’ (1720s)
Lexical Clipping
Initial clipping: ‘net’ for ‘internet’
Final clipping ‘deli’ for ‘delicatessen’
Lexical Abbreviation
Contemporary: ‘doc’ for doctor (American English)
Calque
Contemporary: ‘chop chop’ - from Cantonese via Chinglish
Historical: ‘scapegoat’ (1530s) - from Tyndale’s Bible
Acronym
Contemporary: NASA, LOL
Historical: SCOTUS (first acronym - telegram)
Initialism
Contemporary: NAACP