Diversity and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Group composed of a collection of organisms but most recent common ancestor not included

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2
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Group composed of a collection of organisms including most recent common ancestor but not all descendants

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3
Q

Definition of algae

A

Plastid-bearing protists - predominantly aquatic, has a plastid (chloroplast), performs photosynthesis

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4
Q

Thallophytes

A

Plants without rooms, stems, leaves, with chlorophyll as primary photosynthetic pigment

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5
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Functional group of single-celled organisms with capacity for photosynthesis, adapted to live in open water

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6
Q

Seaweeds

A

Informal group of macroscopic, multicellular algae from multiple taxa

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7
Q

Periphyton

A

Complex mix of algae, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic microbes, and detritus attached to submerged surfaces in freshwater habitats (biofilm)

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8
Q

Epilimnion

A

Top layer in thermally stratified lakes

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9
Q

Hypolimnion

A

Bottom layer in thermally stratified lakes

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10
Q

Stromatolites

A

Layered sedimentary formations created by mainly cyanobacteria in shallow waters, often found in extreme environments

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11
Q

Axoneme

A

Microtubule-based cytoskeletal structure that forms core of flagellum/cilium

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12
Q

Basal body

A

Where flagellum attaches to cell

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13
Q

Nexin link

A

Protein linking microtubule complexes that converts action of dynein into bending

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14
Q

Mucilage

A

Excretion external to cell wall that most algae produce

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15
Q

Coccolithophores

A

Unicellular marine algae in the phylum Haptophyta

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16
Q

Coccoliths

A

Overlapping plates of transparent calcium carbonate

17
Q

Frustules

A

Diatom-specific porous cell wall of silicon dioxide embedded in a polysaccharide matrix

18
Q

Raphe

A

Slit along length of frustule that excretes mucilage

19
Q

Eyespot

A

Specialized structure within chloroplast that can detect intensity and direction of light and send signals to flagella

20
Q

Pyrenoid

A

Specialized structure within chloroplast containing large quantities of Rubisco, serves as carbon concentration mechanism

21
Q

Mixotrophic

A

Can combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes according to metabolic needs and environment

22
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Algae with a chloroplast that depends on light but grows slowly without prey

23
Q

Leucoplast

A

Underdeveloped plastid that functions as starch storage

24
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Algae that uses dissolved carbon, does not need light

25
Q

Primary endosymbiosis

A

Process that involves engulfment of a prokaryote by another cell

26
Q

Group containing green plants, red algae, and Glaucophytes

A

Archaeplastida

27
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

Eukaryotic cell engulfs cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis

28
Q

Model for evolution of endosymbiosis

A

Paulinella spp.

29
Q

Chromatophore

A

Reduced photosynthetic organelle in Paulinella

30
Q

Primary modern proponent for significance of endosymbiosis

A

Lynn Margulis