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Diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

PROKARYOTIC

A
  • The simplest of cells that lack a nucleus
  • They contain Archaebacteria and Eubacteria kingdoms
  • Their DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid
  • Small (1-10 um)
  • DNA is circular - free floating in Cytoplasm
  • Genome made up of a single chromosome
  • Cell division not by mitosis or meiosis
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Rare multicellular forms
  • Absent Organelles
  • Anaerobic (don’t need oxygen)
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1
Q

THE CELL THEORY

A
  • All living things are composed of one or more cells
  • The cell is the smallest entity that retains the properties of life
  • New cells are created from existing cells
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2
Q

EUKARYOTIC

A
  • Large cells that contain complex internal structures
  • 100 - 1000 un
  • Includes plants, animals, fungi and Protists
  • Contain organelles that have a specific structure and function, many surrounded by their own membranes
  • DNA in the nucleus
  • Genome made up of several chromosomes
  • Cell division by mitosis and meiosis
  • Sexual reproduction
  • Most forms are multicellular
  • Organelles are present
  • Most are aerobic
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3
Q

AUTOTROPHS

A

Capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food

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4
Q

HETEROTROPHS

A

Must get energy by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs

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5
Q

DECOMPOSERS

A

AKA - Saprobes

Heterotrophs that recycle dead organisms by breaking them down

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6
Q

6 KINGDOMS (in order)

A
  1. Archaebacteria
  2. Eubacteria
  3. Protista
  4. Fungi
  5. Plantae
  6. Animalia
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7
Q

DICHITOMOUS KEY

A

A device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism

Widely used in biological sciences

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8
Q

KINGDOM PLANTAE

A
  • ancestors were filamentous green algae
  • eukaryotic - multicellular and non-motile
  • photosynthetic autotrophs
  • chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a+b and others
  • cell walls of cellulose
  • food stored as starch (which can make glucose)
  • reproduce sexually with alternating haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) generations
  • most are terrestrial
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9
Q

NON-VASCULAR

A

No vessels, roots, stems or leaves

EG - mosses and liverworts

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10
Q

VASCULAR

A
  • Phylum Tracheophyta
  • Vessels transport food and water
  • roots, stems, leaves
  • ex. Grass, corn, trees, flowers, bushes

Xylem - transports water
Phoelem - transports food and nutrients

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11
Q

XYLEM

A

Transports water

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12
Q

PHOELEM

A

Transports food and nutrients

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13
Q

REPRODUCTION

A
  • Plants alternate between 2 generations: sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid)
  • haploid sores grow into gametophyte which produces male and female gametes that use during fertilization to produce new sporophyte
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14
Q

KINGDOM PLANTAE 2

A
  • needle like leaves
  • stay green all year round
  • wind pollinated
  • ex. Pine trees and evergreens
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15
Q

PLANTAE: Angiosperms

A
  • the most successful group of plats
  • they have coevolved with insects to improve pollination
  • flowering plants
  • seeds are enclosed, usually in fruit
  • have finite growing seasons
  • pollinated by birds and bees

Ex. Grasses, tulips, dandelions, oaks

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16
Q

PLANTAE:

Monocots

A
  • angiosperms have 1 seed leaves
  • parallel veins on leaves
  • 3 part symmetry for flowers
  • scattered vascular tissue
  • ex. Lilies, onions, corn, grasses and wheat g
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17
Q

PLANTAE: Dicots

A
  • angiosperms have 2 seed leaves
  • net veins of leaves
  • flowers have 4-5 leave parts
  • taproots
  • vascular tissue arranged in a ring
  • ex. trees, ornamental flowers
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18
Q

FERN LIFE CYCLE

A
  • clusters of sporangia (sori) under fronds produce haploid spores
  • spores are released and produce haploid
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19
Q

TAXONOMY

A

The science of grouping and naming organisms

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20
Q

PHYLOGENY

A
  • evolutionary development of a group of organisms

- used to group related organisms into a taxa based on a shared common ancestor

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21
Q

PHYLOGENIC TREES

A

Based on a combination of

  1. Fossil record
  2. Morphology
  3. Embryology
  4. Chromosomes and DNA
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22
Q

VIRUSES

A
  • are not classified as living organisms because they had no cellular structure
  • they are parasites to their host cells and can only reproduce inside a host cell
  • contain DNA and RNA
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23
Q

BACTERIOPHAGES

A

These viruses infect bacteria

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24
Q

VIRAL REPRODUCTION

A
  • Viruses are host specific
  • Can be active (lytic cycle) or dormant (lysogenic cycle)
  • steps of viral reproduction are attachment and insertion, replication, synthesis, assembly and release
  • lytic cycle takes 25-45 minutes and can produce up to 300
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25
Q

H.I.V.

A

A retrovirus that targets “helper” cells

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26
Q

BACTERIA

A

Most have cell walls, a capsule (slimy or jelly coating), plasmids and can form endospores

27
Q

METHANOGENS

A

Anaerobes, decomposers and can be found in swamp sediments

28
Q

EXTREME THERMOPHILES

A

Anaerobes, live in hot springs and hot temperature areas and contain heat stable enzymes

29
Q

EXTREME HALOPHILES

A

Aerobes, photosynthetic autotrophs, grown in salt lakes

30
Q

KINGDOM PLANTAE: Leaves

A

Absorb light and causes change in water and minerals

31
Q

KINGDOM PLANTAE: Transpiration

A

H2O loss from plants
Cools plants
Pulls H2O through plants from the roots

32
Q

KINGDOM PLANTAE: Primary Root

A
  • First root to germinate
  • Taproot
  • may grow very long to reach deep water
  • beats, carrot, radish, spud
33
Q

KINGDOM PLANTAE: Secondary Root

A
  • Fibrous roots
  • diffuse root system
  • usually shallow
  • spread across large areas (grass)
34
Q

4 FUNGI CATEGORIES

A
  1. Mould
  2. Water mould
  3. Yeast
  4. Bracket fungi
35
Q

KINGDOM FUNGI

A
  • Spores are usually dispersed by air currents and when in a suitable arrangement, they germinate
  • Can cause ringworm, athletes foot
36
Q

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

A

Anaerobic - 4ATP
Aerobic - 36-38 ATP

  • Cells convert energy from molecules such as glucose into a from the cell can use
  • Involved the use of metabolism
  • plants get energy through photosynthesis
  • energy comes from glucose and produces carbon dioxide and water
37
Q

RESPIRATION STEPS

A
  1. In the cytoplasm - glucose (absence of oxygen)
  2. In the matrix of the mitochondria - Krebs Cycle (requires oxygen)
  3. On the inner mitochondrial membrane - electron transport chain
38
Q

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

A
  • process by which plants and other autotrophs store the energy of sunlight into sugars
  • requires sunlight, water and carbon dioxide
  • occurs in the leaves of plants in organelles called chloroplasts
39
Q

ANIMALIA: Porifera

A

Sponges

Spend their lives attached to rocks

40
Q

ANIMALIA: Cnidaria

A

Jellyfish, sea anemones and corals

Have tentacles with stinging cells
Can be umbrella, or vase shaped

41
Q

ANIMALIA: Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms
Have bilateral symmetry
First animals to have a head

42
Q

ANIMALIA: Nematoda

A

Roundworms
Many are parasites
Have a complete digestive tracts

43
Q

ANIMALIA: Mollusca

A

Clams, snails, octopus

Most have hard shells covering their soft bodies

44
Q

ANIMALIA: Annelida

A

Earthworms, sand worms, leeches

Segmented bodies
Have a circulatory system

45
Q

ANIMALIA: Arthropoda

A

Crayfish, lobster, crabs, insects, spiders

Have jointed legs
Exoskeleton

46
Q

ANIMALIA: Echinodermata

A

Starfish, sand dollars, sea urchins

Prickly skin
Adults have radial symmetry

47
Q

ANIMALIA: Chordata

A

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Have a backbone
Has 7 classes

48
Q

Cellular respiration steps

A

Glycosis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

49
Q

Stages of viral lytic cycle

A

Attachment
Synthesis
Assembly
Release

50
Q

Layer of cells where most chloroplasts are found

A

Palisade Mesophyll

51
Q

Photosynthesis

A

02 + glucose

52
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Have need like leaves

Are pollinated by wind

53
Q

Ferns

A

Seedless plants that reproduce by spores

54
Q

Binary fission

A

Look at diagram

55
Q

What are the leaves role?

A

Photosynthesis

56
Q

What are the stems role?

A

Support

57
Q

Roots

A

Reach water to absorb

58
Q

Symbiotic Relationship

A

A relationship between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of some plants

59
Q

Monocots

A

Parallel veins on leaves
Fibrous roots
Lillies, corn, grass, wheat
1 seed leaf

60
Q

Dicots

A 
2 seeds
Net veins on leaves 
Flowers have 4-5 parts 
Tap roots 
Trees
61
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration: GLYCOSIS

A

Glucose -> 2 Pyruvate

2 ATP

62
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration: KREBS CYCLE

A

2ATP - CO2, hydrogen ions

63
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration: ELECTRIC TRANSPORT CHAIN

A

Hydrogen ions - Water

32-34 ATP

64
Q

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration: GLYCOSIS

A

Glucose - 2 Pyruvate

2 ATP

65
Q

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration: FERMENTATION

A

2 Pyruvate - alcohol & co2 (yeast cells) or lactic acid (muscle cells)

Genetics and Diversity (2 decks)

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