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Biology > Diversity > Flashcards

Diversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Classification

A

the arrangement of organisms into a series of groups based on structural, physiological, biochemical, anatomical and relationships

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2
Q

What are the grouping names of the Linnaeus system?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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3
Q

Who invented the Linnaeus system?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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4
Q

List the DKPCOFGS for humans?

A

eukarya, Animalia. chordata, mammalia, primate, hominidae, Homo, sapiens

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5
Q

List the DKPCOFGS for a dog

A

eukarya, Animalia, chordata, mammalia, carnivore, canidae, Canis, familiaris

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6
Q

List the DKPCOFGS for a wolf

A

eukarya, Animalia, chordata, mammalia, carnivore, canidae, Canis, lupus

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7
Q

What is the scientific name for skunk?

A

Mephitis mephitis

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8
Q

Define Dichotomus Key

A

method used to indentify unknown organisms, constructed using couplet statments

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9
Q

Define Biodiversity

A

the number and variety of species and ecosystems on earth

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10
Q

Define Structural diversity

A

the range of physical shapes and sizes within a habitat or ecosystem

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11
Q

Define genetic variability

A

a measure of the tendency of individual genotypes in a population to vary from on another, also. Variability is different from genetic diversity, which is the amount of variation seen in a particular population

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12
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

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13
Q

Describe the philosophy behind the scala naturae

A

each type of organism hods a rank or fixed position on a scale from lowest to highest with humans positioned at the top

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14
Q

Why are viruses not classified into any of the 6 kingdoms

A

no cell structure

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15
Q

Describe the structure of a virus

A

inner nucleic acid core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protective protein coat [capsid]. The capsid accounts for 95% of the total virus and gives the virus its particular coat

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16
Q

Name 4 viral shapes

A

Polyhedral, spherical, cylindrical and complex

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17
Q

Complex virus

A

bacteriophage

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18
Q

Cylindrical virus

A

tobacco mosaic virus

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19
Q

Spherical virus

A

AIDS virus

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20
Q

Polyhedral virus

A

polio virus

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21
Q

Viroids

A

singe stranded RNA an no protein coat. Known to wipe out huge crops of seed potatoes and pineapples

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22
Q

Prions

A

small proteins without any nucleic acid. Cause slow, fatal diseases of the central nervous system in humans, sheep and cattle (mad cow dsease)

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23
Q

What are the stages of the lytic cycle

A
  1. Attachment of bacteriophage to cell
  2. injection of phage DNA
  3. Replication of phage DNA
  4. Assembly of new viruses (phages) with protein coats and viral DNA copies
  5. Host cell destroyed; new phages released
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24
Q

What are the stages of the lysogenic cycle?

A
  1. Attachment of bacteriophage to cell
  2. Injection of DNA
  3. recombination of viral DNA witht he original DNA (added into circle)
  4. Proviral stage - cell does binary fission
  5. leaves proviral stage with activation of viral DNA and enters lytic cycle.
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25
Q

What domain do archaea belong to?

A

archaea

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26
Q

What kingdom do archaea belong to?

A

archaea

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27
Q

Where are archaea found?

A

hot springs, near seafloor vents, inside volcanoes, extremely saline environments, rocks deep below the surface

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28
Q

What do the members of the archaea family live without?

A

oxygen (anaerobic

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29
Q

Where do archaea obtain their energy?

A

inorganic molecules or light

30
Q

How are archaea different from bacteria?

A
  1. the cell membrane has a different structure and chemical composition. Special lipids (fats) enable the cell membrane to remain stable at very high temperatures and functional at low temperatures
  2. enymes present only in archaea allow these organisms to carry out chemical and metabolic processes under extreme conditions
31
Q

Describe methanogens

A

give off methane gas as a waste product/use CO2, N2, H2S as an energy sources / live in swamps or marches (anaerobic conditions)

32
Q

Describe halophiles

A

thrive in saline environments up to 15% salt concentration/ salt pool habits

33
Q

Describe thermoacids

A

live in extremely hot and acidic environments/ hot sulphur springs/ use sulphur as an energy source/ volcanoes and deep sea vents

34
Q

Plasmids

A

small, circular DNA molecules (accessory chromosomes) which can reproduce independently of the main chromosome

35
Q

Flmbrlae

A

hairlike structures that are shorter, straighter and thinner than flagella. They are used for attachment

36
Q

Cell surface membrane of eubacteria

A

similar in composition to eukaryotic membranes although less rigid

37
Q

Glycocalyx

A

A viscous, gelatinous layer outside the cell wall. If it is firmly attached to the wall, it is called a capsule. If loosely attached, it is called a slime layer. Capsusles may contribute to virulence i pathogenic species

38
Q

Cell wall of eubacteria

A

Gives the cell shape, prevents rupture and serves as an anchorage point for flagelle

39
Q

Flagellum

A

used for locomotion

40
Q

Describe a eubacteria cell

A

the cell lacks a nuclear membrane so there is no distinct nucleus and the chromosomes are in direct contact with the cytoplasm

41
Q

Eubacteria

A

known as “true bacteria” they probably evolved fromt he more ancient archaebacteria

42
Q

What is the difference between archaeabacteria and eubacteria

A

distinguished from archaebacteria by differences in cell wall composition, nucleotide structure and ribosome shape

43
Q

What does a gram stain do?

A

provides the basis for distinguishing two broad groups of bacteria

44
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

the walls of gram positive bacteria consist of many layers of peptidoglycan forming a thick, single layered structure that holds the gram stain

45
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

the cell walls of gram negative bacteria contain only a small proportion of peptidoglycan, so the dark violet stain is not retained by the organisms

46
Q

Bacilli

A

rod shaped bacteria

47
Q

Cocci

A

ball shaped

48
Q

Spirilla

A

spiral shaped

49
Q

What part of bacteria helps it stick to surfaces?

A

pilus

50
Q

What part of the bacteria helps it move

A

flagella

51
Q

What is the control center of bacteria?

A

DNA

52
Q

give examples of when bacteria are beneficial

A

nitrogen cycle, production of edible bacteria

53
Q

What are some criteria used to classify bacteria?

A

shape, cell wall structure based on the analysis of RNA sequences

54
Q

What is the advantage to cocci shape?

A

reduces water loss, smaller surface area to volume ratio

55
Q

What is the advantage to bacilli?

A

increases nutrient absorbtion, greater surface area to volume ratio

56
Q

What is the advantage to spirilli?

A

move through fluid with less resistance

57
Q

Diplo-

A

cells arranged in pairs

58
Q

Staphylo-

A

cells arranged in clusters

59
Q

Strepto-

A

cells arranged in chains

60
Q

Gram positive

A

thicker wall contains more peptidoglycan, porous to antibacterial agents, stain purple

61
Q

Gram negative

A

thinner wall contains less peptidoglycan, often surrounded by a capsule (outer membrane) that blocks antibacterial agents

62
Q

Name the energy source and carbon source for photoautotrophs (blue green bacteria)

A

light and carbon dioxide

63
Q

Name the energy source and carbon source for chemoautotrophs (only prokaryotes)

A

simple organic/ inorganic molecules and carbon dioxide

64
Q

Name the energy source and carbon source for photoheterotrophs (bacteria and a few species of algae)

A

light, complex organic carbon molecules such as sugars

65
Q

Name the energy source and carbon source for chemoautotrophs

A

complex organic carbon molecules for both

66
Q

What are the different ways bacteria reproduce?

A

asexual, sexual, gene transfer and spore formation

67
Q

Describe asexual reproduction of bacteria

A

binary fission, used in favorable conditions, grow and divide in 20 minutes, offspring have identical genetic information to parent

68
Q

Describe sexual reproduction of bacteria

A

used in less favourable conditions, conjugation -genetic information is exchanged across a bridging structure called a pili, creates genetic variability

69
Q

Describe genetic reproduction of bacteria

A

plasmids also contain a few genes and can be transferred during conjugation

70
Q

Describe spore formation

A

dormant phase to survive unfavourable conditions (ie extreme heat, cold, drying out and chemicals), called endospores (with tough outer covering), begins to grow again when conditions become favourable

Biology (2 decks)

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