Diversity Flashcards
Define Longley’s Pluralism and cultural pluralism
Langley: the political philosophy that states people of different ethnicities can coexist in the same society and participate fully in the political process.
Cultural pluralism: minority groups participate fully in all aspects of the dominant society while still maintaining their own unique cultural identities (to succeed, sometimes minority must drop customs incompatible with laws or values of dominance society. Minority culture must also be accepted by major society
What is Modern Pluralism?
Has 3 fundamental beliefs
1. Societies should strive to maintain different cultures
2. Each culture should be respected
3. Individuals have the right to participate in all aspects of society potty without giving up their cultural identity
What is culture?
Language, attitudes or ways of being that characterize groups OR the perceptions, emotions, experiences, beliefs , behavioral patterns and group of people have in common.
What is diversity?
Conceptualizes Individual differences
- inter group dynamics
- inter group relations:
What are the important variables to consider in inter group relations
- cultural distance: degree of distance between groups in dimensions such as language, religion, family structure etc. subjective/perceived differences in value systems, attitudes, customs or practice.
- perceived similarity: perceived ingroup/outgroup membership.context of judgement may shift that perception
-Contact: quality, frequency and degree to which it is individual and personal. More and higher quality interaction can produce valid stereotypes/sociotypes. Accurate perceptions create isomorphic attitudes
-predictability and control: isomorphic attitudes increase sense of predictability and control a person has in the interaction. This indicates the possibility of a favorable outcome.
Obama effect
Pairing black people with positive associations such as the president Reduced anti black attitudes at the societal level but implicit attitudes remained unchanged
Symbolic interaction theory
We tend to see ourselves as how other see us, especially when the view we have of ourselves and the view of others is incongruent
Determinant features hypothesis
Observers rely on physical characteristics to identify race
Contact hypothesis
Characteristics of the observer determine the accuracy. Stems from the amount of contact the observer would have had with members of the target group
Own race hypothesis
We separate people into own group or out group based on certain physical or personality characteristics
What were the main findings of Herman 2010?
- Observers perceived more than half of the multiracial targets as mono racial
- Multiracial targets who identified as black were almost always identified as black but not multiracial
- Demographic and environmental characteristics of observers had no bearing on the congruence of their racial perceptions
Stereotypes as problematic
Stereotypes are the cognitive component. They’re techniques we use to simplify our world and ignores things like emotion. According to Allport’s Law of Least Effort we employ heuristics to make sense of our social world. Can be maladaptive if we chose to ignore individual differences within a class of people
Prejudice
Hostile or negative attitude towards another group of people based solely on their membership of that group. Prejudgment tends to be more negative attitudes that aren’t justified by facts.
Discrimination
Action component of prejudice unjustifiable negative action toward the members of a group simply because of membership
Racism
Hostility, discrimination, segregation and negative action towards an ethnic group. Belief in superiority of a certain race and its right to dominate over another. Institutional racism more powerful form where formal laws and regulation as well as informal regulations and powerful social norms limit the opportunities and choices available to certain ethnic groups
Attitudes defined in inter group relations
Beliefs, feelings or emotions toward members of another group involving evaluation of favorability
Values
Central attitudes about life goals that are important to one such as concept on freedom or justice or placing value on concrete goals such as money or good health
Social norms
Patterns of behavior that are expected to be displayed in a particular social situation through people’s actual behavior is often found to diverge from verbally stated norms
Inter group biases
Cognitive tendency to evaluate one’s own group more favorably than outgroups. Based only on one item of information about an individual (their group membership)
Tajfel Maximum Ingroup profit
Awards the highest absolute profit to members of the in group. Based on perceived positive consequences of ingroup favoritism without any change in affect towards outgroup members
Tajfel Maximum Differentiation
Seeks to maximize the difference between the ingroup and outgroup which means some of the maximum profit would be lost. Not economically rational strategy
Tajfel Minimal Outgroup Benefit
Allocates as few resources as possible to the members of the outgroup without being concerned about the amount of resource allocated to the ingroup. Based on not wanting to appear prejudiced.
Ethnocentrism
Personality trait which includes rejection of outgroups and view of one’s own group as the standard against which all others should be judged
Social dominance orientation
General attitudinal prefrence for inter group relations to be hierarchical, combined with the attitude that one’s own group is superior to other groups and should dominate other groups
