Diversity Flashcards
How many living things are on Earth w scientific names? How many insects?
1.8 millions, insects
There are three types of species called_______ ________ . List them and briefly explain.
Morphological specials concept: morphology focus (size and structure, usually asexual eg bacteria) Biological SC: can they produce fertile offspring? Eg cats Phylogenetic SC: phylogeny focus (evolutionary history, DNA used, eg extinct organisms)
What is hybridization?
Cross breeding of two diff species
What are the three types of diversity?
Genetic: genetic variability (usually same species) Species: quantity of each species and diff types of species Structural: range of shapes, sizes and diff habitats in an ecosystem
What is taxonomy? Why is it important?
Classifies organisms living and dead. Prevents duplicated names by International Naming Congress (use Latin). Shows evolutionary relationships
Who grouped organisms according to habitat? (Land, air, water)
Aristotle
What is the name of the ranking system that had humans at the top and plants at the bottom?
Great Chain of Being or Scala naturae
Who is the founder of modern taxonomy and binomial nomenclature? (Genus, then species name…genus always capitalized and either underlined or in italics)
Carolus Linnaeus
What is a taxonomy? How many are there? What are they?
One of a series of progressively smaller groups. Did King Phillip Come Over From Germany Saturday? Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. NOTE: three domains and six kingdoms
What are three things that make something living?
Presence of cells, energy use, reproduction.
What is a dichotomous key? It uses ___________ characteristics. (Morphology, behaviour, geographic location.)
Dichotomous key: series of branching two part statements used to identify organisms
What is a phylogenetic tree? What do the tips represent? The internal nodes? What is a sister group?
Diagram depicting evolutionary relationships between different species. Tips represent descendant taxa, nodes represent a common ancestor. Two descendants that split from the same node, a lot of evolutionary history in common
What is a clade of a phylogenetic tree?
A group taht includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants
What is a domain? There are 3. What are they?
Domain: highest taxonomic rank.
Bacteria: diverse and widespread prokaryotes (simple cells, non membrane)
Archea: prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions
Eukarya: eukaryotes (Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia)
The phylogenetic tree shows that the two prokaryote groups _______ and _______ diverged early and _______ is more closely related to ________.
bacteria, archea, archea, eukarya
What are the three main points of phylogeny? “Share common ancestor because of…”
- Similar stages of embryonic development
- Homologous structures (anatomical similarity)
- Genetic similarity (DNA)
Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?
pro: no nucleus, no membrane, most times unicellular, contain their own DNA
eu: have organelles, membranes, most multicellular
Autotroph vs heterotroph?
autotroph makes own food, heterotroph gets food from another source
How do prokaryotes divide? Eurkaryotes? How do they compare in storing DNA?
pro: binary fission, conjugation….in “nucleoid” region
eu: mitosis and meiosis….within a membrane bound nucleus
What are the three hypothesis for the origin of viruses?
- started off as small infectious cells that lost cytoplasm and eventually ability to reproduce on own
- escaped fragments of DNA or RNA
- ancient, existed before cells
Viruses are small, NON-CELLULAR particles that can only be seen w an electron microscope. They act as ________ invading a host cell. They consist of two main parts:
Parasites
- Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
- Protein coat (capsid)
NOTE: Protein forms a capsid around the nucleic acid
AND a bacteriophage is a virus that attacks bacteria
What are the four shapes of viruses?
- Icosahedral, genetic material enclosed in capsid, ADENOVIRUS
- Icosahedral head and tail, genetic material in the head, BACTERIOPHAGE
- Rod shaped (helical), hallow tube containing nucleic acid, TABACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
- Shperical (enveloped), surrounded by membrane that is partly that of the host, HIV AND INFLUENZA
Viruses invade what three things?
Bacteria, plants, animals
What is it called when a virus changes a host cell’s DNA?
MUTATION
What two crops do the tabacco mosaic virus invade?
tomatoes and potatoes
Epidemic vs pandemic ?
epidemic is the spread of a virus in a region, pandemic global scale
Three ways viruses can be transmitted?
- airborne (droplets)
- direct contact w infected indivdual
- via insect bites
What is the process of virus replication called?
LYTIC CYCLE (virus invades host cell and creates new viruses)
When the virus finishes invading the host cell, what does it do?
living host cell undegoes lysis, is destroyed and bursts open w new viruses
What is the cycle called that does not destroy the host cell? What happens?
LYSOGENIC CYCLE, when host copies its own DNA, viral DNA is copied too
LYSOGENY OCCURS: insertion of viral DNA into that of bacterial host
DNA vs RNA ?
DNA is responsible for storing and transferring genetic information
RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins.
Different from bacteriophages, what happens when viruses infect animal cells?
capside enters the cell along with the viral DNA
The _______ virus remains dormant in a cell before it is activated, then causing ________. Doctors think the cause is ______. It goes dormant again, causing one to be ___________ infected w the virus.
herpes, skin ulcers (cold sores), permanently
What is a prophage?
genetic material of a bacteriophage (virus), incorprated into DNA of a bacterium
produces phages when activated
Briefly describe the four stages of the lytic cycle.
- virus attaches itself to bacterium and inserts DNA
- viral DNA uses host enzymes to make more viral DNA (replication) and more coat proteins (transcription)
- 100 or so viral clones made
- viruses produce digestive enzymes that cause the cell to lyse and release virus
The onset of viral symptoms in the lytic cycle is ______ whereas in the lysogenic cycle it is _______
immediate, delayed
When a virus infects the body, _____________ engluf the virus, destroy some and ask for _____ ___ _____ to support
macrophages (type of white blood cells), helpter T
Helper T cells signal ___ ______ to divide, and they produce _________. Either them or macropahes destroy the virus cell
B cells, antibodies
____________ ____ ______ signal B cells to stop dividing when their job is done. _________ ____ ______ carry antibody info in case the virus invades again.
suppressor T cells, memory B cells
What is an antibody?
protein produced by immune system (b cells) to recognzie and fight infections in the body
those produced by vaccines known as “chemical memory”
Vaccines are mixtures of __________ forms of the _______.
weakened, virus. helps to create antibodies for when body contacts the real virus
HPV vaccine has been more than 99% effective at stopping the spread of which virus? (responsible for 70% of cervical cancers)
human papillomavirus
Vaccines contain antigens. What are they?
foreign substance in body that stimulates immune response (weakened/ dead virus, bateria or fungi that cause disease and infection)
What are the three domains and their kingdoms?
What are the 5 characteristics of eubacteria?
- single-celled
- prokaryote (no nucleus, no memebrane bound organelles)
- DNA- single chromosome
- asexual reproduction (binary fission)
- smallest organisms on Earth
SOME bacteria have plasmids. What are they?
Small loop of DNA that contains acessory genes
What do ribosomes produce?
protein
What are a bacteria’s pilli?
small hair-like strcutures made of stiff proteins that help the cell attach to surfaces
what is the cell wall composed of that makes it so strong?
peptidoglycan, large molecule that forms chains to make the wall strong and rigid
bacteria can be harmful but also helpful. what are three potential roles they could have in an ecosystem?
producers, decomposers, recyclers of nutrients
perform nitrogen fixation (nitrogen gas to nitrates and nitrites)
What do bacteria do to naturally produce antibiotics?
destroy or inhibit the growth of mircoorganims
what type of bacteria do not cause disease?
domain archea
What is the shape of coccus bacteria? Bacillus? Spirillum?
spherical, rod-shaped, spiral
assuming all are spherical shaped, what is the name of the following bacteria?
- pairs
- group of four
- chain
- cluster
- group of 8
- diplococci
- tetrad
- streptococci
- staphylococci
- sarcina
What is binary fission? what forms between the dividing bacteria cells?
method of asexual reproduction in bacteria, a cross wall
what is conjugation? what is the special condition?
direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells temporarily joined. only happens when bacteria struggling to live on own (decreased food/space, cooler temp)
during conjugation, what is an f-factor?
fertility factor in bacteria, piece of DNA that allows pillus (hairs that allow bacteria to attach) to form. usually the f-factor is a plasmid (small ring of dna that has acessory genes)
bacteria cells in conjugation have a special kind of pillus called a…?
sex pillus! hollow-hair like structure that allows plasmids to be transferred. this gives the recipient an aletered set of chromosomes
what is the process in which a bacterial cells takes in DNA from its environment? What if the DNA came from another species?
transformation, horizontal gene transfer
in unfavorable conditions, bacteria form _________. they are highly resistant strcutures. when good conditions return, it germinates and an active __________ emerges
endospores, bacterium
what are disease-causing agents?
pathogens
antibiotics can destroy or slow the growth of _______. they CANNOT treat _____ infections. some examples include penicilin and amoxycilin
bacteria, viral
What are bacterial vectors?
agents such as insects that carry bacteria from one oraganism to another
give an example of a water, air, contact, and vector transmitted bacterial virus?
water: cholera (severe diarrehea)
air: tuberculosis (bag coughing, very contagious)
contact: gonnerhea (burning sensation while urinating)
vector: typhus fever (infected body lice)
what is a sign of syphilus?
painless sore where bacteria enters body durinh sex
what infectoius disease is caused by skin reactiosn?
staph (pimples and boils)
Non-vascular plants like mosses use osmosis and diffusion, what are these things?
what are spores? what are some spore -producing plants and their characteristics?
haploid reproductive structure (single-celled) capable of growing into a new individual. ex ferns, club mosses with simple roots and large leaves NO SEEDS PRODUCED
what is pollination? what is the difference between self pollination and cross pollination?
transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. self pollination is when pollin from the samle plant fertilizes an egg cell. cross pollination is when pollin is transferred from one plant to another.
what is the endosperm?
angiosperm tissue that makes up the seed that protects the embryo
mould consists of long tubes of ________ that contain many ______. cytoplasm is contained by a cell wall made of _______. Tubes of cytoplasm are separated by cell walls called _____.
cytoplasm, nuclei, chitin, septa
compare asymmtery vs radial symmetry vs bilateral symmtery and give examples
asymmtery: irregular shape w no axis of symmtery (sponge)
radial symmtery: boyd parts repeat aorund one main axis ( corals)
bilateral: axis of symmtery is through the meiddle, mirror images made (athropods which are ALL insects and humans)
sponges belong to which phylum?
- have __________: __________ cells that capture food particles
- ___________: have both male and female reproductive parts, describe the process. (sperm released into the water, eggs remain in the body until the sperm enters and fertilizes)
PHYLUM PORIFERA
- choanocytes, flagellated
- hermaphrodites, sperm released into the water, eggs remain in the body until the sperm enters and fertilizes
hydras, jellies, sea anemones, sea fans and coral animals belong to which phylum?
- Two forms a. _______(motile) b._______ (sessile)
- Have _________ w stinging cells containing __________, threadlike tubes that deliver __________ _______.
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
medusa, polyp, tentacles, nematocysts, paralyzing toxins
comb jellies belong to which phylum?
they are motile and although you cant see them have small hair like structires called _______ _____ on the surface, and ___________ (adhesive structures)
PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
ciliated plates, colloblasts
round worms (ex ____________) belong to which phylum?
they have a partial body cavity so they are _______________.
they have a separate _____ and ______ but lack and circ and resp system.
they are _________ and produce __________ eggs a day
pinworms
PHYLUM NEMATODA
pseudocoleomates
mouth, anus
parasites (soil + aqautic environment)
100,000
snails, slugs, clams, squid and octopi belong to which phylum?
There are 3 main components:
- ________, used for _________ and feeding
- __________, thin layer of _____ that secretes the ________.
- ________ _________, contains all _________ organs
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (all organisms have remenant of hard stuff)
foot, locomotion
mantle, tissue, shell
visceral mass, internal
sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers belong to which phylum?
they have ______ ________ as larvae and ______ ___________ as adults.
they have an ___________ made of _______ plates.
spiny _________ protrude through the skin and they do not have no head region.
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry
endoskeleton, calcium
projections
crustaceans (crab), all insects and spiders belong to which phylum?
they have an __________ made of _______ and thus make a crunch if you were to step on them
they have jointed _____.
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
exoskeleton, chitin, legs
all phylum chordata have possesed 4 anatomical features in their life
- _________: flexible dorsal rod that runs between the dig tract and neve cord
- dorsal _______ nerve cord: makes up ______ aka brain and spinal cord
- _______ slits: digestive tube mouth to anus
- _________ postnatal tail
notochord, hollow, CNS, pharyngeal, muscular
