Diversity Flashcards
How many living things are on Earth w scientific names? How many insects?
1.8 millions, insects
There are three types of species called_______ ________ . List them and briefly explain.
Morphological specials concept: morphology focus (size and structure, usually asexual eg bacteria) Biological SC: can they produce fertile offspring? Eg cats Phylogenetic SC: phylogeny focus (evolutionary history, DNA used, eg extinct organisms)
What is hybridization?
Cross breeding of two diff species
What are the three types of diversity?
Genetic: genetic variability (usually same species) Species: quantity of each species and diff types of species Structural: range of shapes, sizes and diff habitats in an ecosystem
What is taxonomy? Why is it important?
Classifies organisms living and dead. Prevents duplicated names by International Naming Congress (use Latin). Shows evolutionary relationships
Who grouped organisms according to habitat? (Land, air, water)
Aristotle
What is the name of the ranking system that had humans at the top and plants at the bottom?
Great Chain of Being or Scala naturae
Who is the founder of modern taxonomy and binomial nomenclature? (Genus, then species name…genus always capitalized and either underlined or in italics)
Carolus Linnaeus
What is a taxonomy? How many are there? What are they?
One of a series of progressively smaller groups. Did King Phillip Come Over From Germany Saturday? Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. NOTE: three domains and six kingdoms
What are three things that make something living?
Presence of cells, energy use, reproduction.
What is a dichotomous key? It uses ___________ characteristics. (Morphology, behaviour, geographic location.)
Dichotomous key: series of branching two part statements used to identify organisms
What is a phylogenetic tree? What do the tips represent? The internal nodes? What is a sister group?
Diagram depicting evolutionary relationships between different species. Tips represent descendant taxa, nodes represent a common ancestor. Two descendants that split from the same node, a lot of evolutionary history in common
What is a clade of a phylogenetic tree?
A group taht includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants
What is a domain? There are 3. What are they?
Domain: highest taxonomic rank.
Bacteria: diverse and widespread prokaryotes (simple cells, non membrane)
Archea: prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions
Eukarya: eukaryotes (Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia)
The phylogenetic tree shows that the two prokaryote groups _______ and _______ diverged early and _______ is more closely related to ________.
bacteria, archea, archea, eukarya
What are the three main points of phylogeny? “Share common ancestor because of…”
- Similar stages of embryonic development
- Homologous structures (anatomical similarity)
- Genetic similarity (DNA)
Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?
pro: no nucleus, no membrane, most times unicellular, contain their own DNA
eu: have organelles, membranes, most multicellular
Autotroph vs heterotroph?
autotroph makes own food, heterotroph gets food from another source
How do prokaryotes divide? Eurkaryotes? How do they compare in storing DNA?
pro: binary fission, conjugation….in “nucleoid” region
eu: mitosis and meiosis….within a membrane bound nucleus
What are the three hypothesis for the origin of viruses?
- started off as small infectious cells that lost cytoplasm and eventually ability to reproduce on own
- escaped fragments of DNA or RNA
- ancient, existed before cells
Viruses are small, NON-CELLULAR particles that can only be seen w an electron microscope. They act as ________ invading a host cell. They consist of two main parts:
Parasites
- Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
- Protein coat (capsid)
NOTE: Protein forms a capsid around the nucleic acid
AND a bacteriophage is a virus that attacks bacteria
What are the four shapes of viruses?
- Icosahedral, genetic material enclosed in capsid, ADENOVIRUS
- Icosahedral head and tail, genetic material in the head, BACTERIOPHAGE
- Rod shaped (helical), hallow tube containing nucleic acid, TABACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
- Shperical (enveloped), surrounded by membrane that is partly that of the host, HIV AND INFLUENZA
Viruses invade what three things?
Bacteria, plants, animals
What is it called when a virus changes a host cell’s DNA?
MUTATION
What two crops do the tabacco mosaic virus invade?
tomatoes and potatoes
Epidemic vs pandemic ?
epidemic is the spread of a virus in a region, pandemic global scale
Three ways viruses can be transmitted?
- airborne (droplets)
- direct contact w infected indivdual
- via insect bites
What is the process of virus replication called?
LYTIC CYCLE (virus invades host cell and creates new viruses)
When the virus finishes invading the host cell, what does it do?
living host cell undegoes lysis, is destroyed and bursts open w new viruses
What is the cycle called that does not destroy the host cell? What happens?
LYSOGENIC CYCLE, when host copies its own DNA, viral DNA is copied too
LYSOGENY OCCURS: insertion of viral DNA into that of bacterial host
DNA vs RNA ?
DNA is responsible for storing and transferring genetic information
RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins.
Different from bacteriophages, what happens when viruses infect animal cells?
capside enters the cell along with the viral DNA
The _______ virus remains dormant in a cell before it is activated, then causing ________. Doctors think the cause is ______. It goes dormant again, causing one to be ___________ infected w the virus.
herpes, skin ulcers (cold sores), permanently
What is a prophage?
genetic material of a bacteriophage (virus), incorprated into DNA of a bacterium
produces phages when activated
Briefly describe the four stages of the lytic cycle.
- virus attaches itself to bacterium and inserts DNA
- viral DNA uses host enzymes to make more viral DNA (replication) and more coat proteins (transcription)
- 100 or so viral clones made
- viruses produce digestive enzymes that cause the cell to lyse and release virus
The onset of viral symptoms in the lytic cycle is ______ whereas in the lysogenic cycle it is _______
immediate, delayed
When a virus infects the body, _____________ engluf the virus, destroy some and ask for _____ ___ _____ to support
macrophages (type of white blood cells), helpter T
Helper T cells signal ___ ______ to divide, and they produce _________. Either them or macropahes destroy the virus cell
B cells, antibodies
____________ ____ ______ signal B cells to stop dividing when their job is done. _________ ____ ______ carry antibody info in case the virus invades again.
suppressor T cells, memory B cells
What is an antibody?
protein produced by immune system (b cells) to recognzie and fight infections in the body
those produced by vaccines known as “chemical memory”
Vaccines are mixtures of __________ forms of the _______.
weakened, virus. helps to create antibodies for when body contacts the real virus
HPV vaccine has been more than 99% effective at stopping the spread of which virus? (responsible for 70% of cervical cancers)
human papillomavirus
Vaccines contain antigens. What are they?
foreign substance in body that stimulates immune response (weakened/ dead virus, bateria or fungi that cause disease and infection)
What are the three domains and their kingdoms?
What are the 5 characteristics of eubacteria?
- single-celled
- prokaryote (no nucleus, no memebrane bound organelles)
- DNA- single chromosome
- asexual reproduction (binary fission)
- smallest organisms on Earth
SOME bacteria have plasmids. What are they?
Small loop of DNA that contains acessory genes
What do ribosomes produce?
protein
What are a bacteria’s pilli?
small hair-like strcutures made of stiff proteins that help the cell attach to surfaces
what is the cell wall composed of that makes it so strong?
peptidoglycan, large molecule that forms chains to make the wall strong and rigid
bacteria can be harmful but also helpful. what are three potential roles they could have in an ecosystem?
producers, decomposers, recyclers of nutrients
perform nitrogen fixation (nitrogen gas to nitrates and nitrites)
What do bacteria do to naturally produce antibiotics?
destroy or inhibit the growth of mircoorganims
what type of bacteria do not cause disease?
domain archea
What is the shape of coccus bacteria? Bacillus? Spirillum?
spherical, rod-shaped, spiral
assuming all are spherical shaped, what is the name of the following bacteria?
- pairs
- group of four
- chain
- cluster
- group of 8
- diplococci
- tetrad
- streptococci
- staphylococci
- sarcina
What is binary fission? what forms between the dividing bacteria cells?
method of asexual reproduction in bacteria, a cross wall
what is conjugation? what is the special condition?
direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells temporarily joined. only happens when bacteria struggling to live on own (decreased food/space, cooler temp)
during conjugation, what is an f-factor?
fertility factor in bacteria, piece of DNA that allows pillus (hairs that allow bacteria to attach) to form. usually the f-factor is a plasmid (small ring of dna that has acessory genes)
bacteria cells in conjugation have a special kind of pillus called a…?
sex pillus! hollow-hair like structure that allows plasmids to be transferred. this gives the recipient an aletered set of chromosomes
what is the process in which a bacterial cells takes in DNA from its environment? What if the DNA came from another species?
transformation, horizontal gene transfer
in unfavorable conditions, bacteria form _________. they are highly resistant strcutures. when good conditions return, it germinates and an active __________ emerges
endospores, bacterium
what are disease-causing agents?
pathogens
antibiotics can destroy or slow the growth of _______. they CANNOT treat _____ infections. some examples include penicilin and amoxycilin
bacteria, viral
What are bacterial vectors?
agents such as insects that carry bacteria from one oraganism to another
give an example of a water, air, contact, and vector transmitted bacterial virus?
water: cholera (severe diarrehea)
air: tuberculosis (bag coughing, very contagious)
contact: gonnerhea (burning sensation while urinating)
vector: typhus fever (infected body lice)
what is a sign of syphilus?
painless sore where bacteria enters body durinh sex
what infectoius disease is caused by skin reactiosn?
staph (pimples and boils)
It was once thought that __________ and __________ used to be free living cells because they contain their own _______
mitochondrion, chloroplasts, DNA
what are superbugs?
bacteria that resist most or all antibiotics bc they have adapted to the overuse. at first resistnat bacteria is produced, then this resistnat bacteria grows
most arecheabcateria lack the chemical __________.
peptidoglycan.
psychrophiles archae bacteria are _______ loving.
cold
chloropolast and mitochondrion are both double membrane organelle. what do they do?
chlorpplast converts sloar energy into sugar. mitochrondion extract energy from sugar to make the cell do work
what is the theory that explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from the relationship between 2+ prokaruotic cells?
endosymbiosis
during evolution, what happened to chloro and mito?
engulfed by larger cells by remained intact
Most protista are ________. there are three classifcations, what are they?
unicellular.
animal-like: protozoans
fungus-like: heterotrphic
plant-like: autotrophic
what are some protozoan features?
heterotrophic, classfied by how they move (cilia, flagella, pseudopods)
fungus-like protista features?
decomposers, cool damp environments (slime/ water moulds)
plant-like protists?
autotrophic, contain chloroplast (photosynthetic0)
aquatic environments (algae, diatoms, etc)
What are two types of animal-like protists?
paramecium and euglena
What are the three approaches to making a vaccine?
- use the whole vrius or bacterium
- using part of the germ (eg spikes)
- use just genetic material
There are three methods to the whole-mircobe vaccine approach, what are they?
inactivated vaccine, live-attenuated vaccine, viral vector vaccine
describe the inactivated vaccines approach and give virus examples
take the disease carrying virus and inactivate using chemicals, heat radiation (special lab testing, long time to adminsister)
flu and polio technique
describe the live-attenuated vaccine approach, give a vrius example
uses a living but weakened version of the virus
ex MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) and chickenpox
iffy for immuno comprised
describe the viral vector vaccine appraoch and give a virus example
uses a safe virus (DNA OR RNA) to deliver instructions to make make the protein of the pathogen. triggers immune response without causing disease
ex ebola or atrazenca
developed quickly
what does the subunit vaccine appraoch entail?
use specific parts of the virus or bacterium that immune system recognzies (subunits like proteins or sugars)
ex. whooping cough, diptheria, etc
What is a nucleic acid vaccine?
uses a section of genetic material that provides instructions to make specific proteins
ex. the Pfizer and biontech vaccines
what happens when DNA first turns into mRNA?
the blueprint to make specific proteins
in viral vector vaccines, what happens before the adenovirus is injected into the body?
it is disabled so it will not replicate inside the body
All plants have many complex cells with membrane bound organelles. This means that they are what two things?
Eurkaryotic and multicellular
Plants have cell walls made of _________ and develop from _________.
cellulose, embryos
non vascular plants are tiny plants that lack true ______, _____, ________. They do not have the two vascular tissues ________ and ________ that transport ______ and ________.
roots, stem, leaves, xylem, phloem, water, food
Non-vascular plants like mosses use osmosis and diffusion, what are these things?
what are spores? what are some spore -producing plants and their characteristics?
haploid reproductive structure (single-celled) capable of growing into a new individual. ex ferns, club mosses with simple roots and large leaves NO SEEDS PRODUCED
what are the two types of seed producing plants? what do they mean in latin?
gymnosperms (gymnos = naked and sperma = seed)
angiosperms (angeion= vessel and sperma = seed)
in gymnopserms, seeds are not enclosed is specialized _____ instead they are in ______ (conifers).
chambers, cones
In angiosperms, seeds grow in protective chambers called as ________. Seeds also grow in _____.
ovary, flowers
land plants evolved from charophycean ______ over ______ million years ago. The 4 main groups of terres. plants are…?
bryophytes (waxy cuticle and stomata), pteridophytes (vascular tissue), gymnopserms, angiosperms
what is pollination? what is the difference between self pollination and cross pollination?
transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. self pollination is when pollin from the samle plant fertilizes an egg cell. cross pollination is when pollin is transferred from one plant to another.
a pollen grain is made up of a _____ cell and a _________ cell. the _____ cell burrows down a pollen tube through the pedicel and the _________ cell divides to form 2 _____ cells.
tube, generative, tube, generative, sperm
what happens during double fertilization?
one sperm nucleus fuses w an ovule to form a zygote (2n) and the other sperm nucleus fuses w two polar body nuclei to create endosperm (3n)
when pollination first begins, the pollin lands on the _____ ________.
sticky stigma
the pollen tube, also known as the _______ is produced when a pollen grain lands on the _____ and allows the 2 _____ ____ to travel to the ______.
style, stigma, sperm cells, egg
what is the endosperm?
angiosperm tissue that makes up the seed that protects the embryo
why are cucumbers fruits?
fleshy enlarged embryo w enclosed seeds
Fungi are __________ organisms that are hidden and remain ________ _______.
eukaryotic, below ground
Fungi are heterotrophoc and perform _______ ________. this is a process in which fungi grow next to or within ther ______ ______ and release _________ _____ to break down food so they can absorb _______ through their _____ __________.
external digestion, food source, digestive enzymes, nutrients, cell membrane
Most fungi are mutlicelluar except for ______.
yeast
Pollin grains are also known as __________ _______.
waterproof sperm
the two modes of fungal nutrition, saprobes and parasites are different because…?
saprobes are organisms that ac as decomposers absorbing nutrients from dead plant matter. Parasites are organisms that absorb nutrients from the cells of living things
mutual symbionts are fungi that…?
absorb nutrients from a host organism but the host benefits in some way
fungi that are _________ in shape are ________ ________ and absorb nutrients from ____________ matter. food is available in the ___________ _______. ex include?
clublike, terrestrial sapbrobes, decaying, germinating spore
fungi that are _______ in the shape of the fruiting body vary is _______, ________, __________ habitats. ex include?
saclike, marine, freshwater, terrestrial, mould/yeast
fungi that are _________ in the shape of the fruiting body are sometimes _______ and sometimes _________. ex include
clublike, saprobes, parasites, mushrooms
in fungi, there is _______, the thin filament that forms an underground network of ________ and an above ground structure called a ________ _____ that release spores as high as possible.
hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body
mould consists of long tubes of ________ that contain many ______. cytoplasm is contained by a cell wall made of _______. Tubes of cytoplasm are separated by cell walls called _____.
cytoplasm, nuclei, chitin, septa
fungi produce _______ or _______ by releasing _______. (reproductive strcutures!). If spores are carried to a moist place, they _________ to produce ______
sexually, asexually, spores, germinate, mycelia
some fungi are _________, causing animal and plant diseases and destroying crops. they are also EXCELLENT___________.
parasites, decomposers
jock itch is a ______ _________ in the ______ area.
fungal infection, pelvic
antibtiotics such as _________ are make from fungi and so are anti-rejection drugs like _________.
penicilin, cyclosporin
pencilln inhibits the growth of ___________ bacteria. this medicine comes from ________ fungi.
streptococcus, saclike
in a paramecium, what is the difference between a contractile vacuole and food vacuole?
contractile- removes waste and excess water
food- formed when food reaches the end of the oral groove and membrane pinches off surrounding the food
in the parameicum, what does the oral groove do? anal pore? trichocysts?
oral: location where food is swept in
anal: releases undigested food and waste
trichocycts: defense of foreign substances
the protist euglena has a single nucleus. it also has an eye spot and pellicle. what are these?
eye spot: detects light
pellicle: stiff, supporting layer
in the binary fission of protists, _________ divide by _______ (asexual) 2-3 times a day. conjugation is when two ____________ line up at their _____ ________ and exhange ______ material.
micronuclei, mitosis, paramecium, oral grooves, genetic material
NOTE: ONLY OCCURS WHEN STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL
fungi are importnat becuase ____________ is the basis of many food chains and plant like protists produce almost ______ the oxygen on the planet
phytoplankton, oxygen
protists also used ot make fertilzier, ice cream, cosemtics, etc
parasite called ___________ causes malaria. it is spread by the bit of mosquites, affects ___ ______ ______, and kills 1-2 ________ ppl every year.
plasmodium, red blood cells, million
which insects are vectors (disease carriers) for African sleeping sickness?
tsetse flies…infection spreads through blood and may cause an STI
Why are algae not considered plants even though they contain chlorophyll? _________ algae is considered to be a _______ plant.
they are unicellular and have unprotected zygotes, plants are mutlticellular and eukaroytic. primitive
What was likely the ancestor of all animals?
a colonial, flagellated protist who lived at least 700 million years ago
what does dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior
upper, lower, front, back
ALL animals are _________, _________ and ___________.
eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
what two things are needed for cellular respiration (aerobic respiration)
glucose and oxygen
most animals reproduce sexually. what is the exception?
starfish reproduce asexually through fragmentation
compare asymmtery vs radial symmetry vs bilateral symmtery and give examples
asymmtery: irregular shape w no axis of symmtery (sponge)
radial symmtery: boyd parts repeat aorund one main axis ( corals)
bilateral: axis of symmtery is through the meiddle, mirror images made (athropods which are ALL insects and humans)
what are the three embryonic tissue layers + give examples
endoderm: innermost tssiue layer (gut)
mesoderm: middle tissue layer (muscles)
ectoderm: outermost tissue layer (skin)
animals that have all 3 tissue layers are said to be ______________. 2 layers is ____________. sponges lack all three and cnidarians only have 2.
triploblastic, diploblastic
Organisms are categorized by taxa using the structure of their body cavity. what are the three shapes, what do they mean and give an example
acoelomate: no body cavity ex flatworms
pseudocoelomate: partial body cavity not lined w mesoderm ex roundworms
coelomate: presence of a full body cavity that separtes body wall from digestive tract (segmented worms)
NOTE: ALL THREE TYPES CONTAIN THE THREE KINDS OF TISSUE
kingdom animalia are divided in what two ways?
vertebrates (backbone)
invertebrates (no backbone)
sponges belong to which phylum?
- have __________: __________ cells that capture food particles
- ___________: have both male and female reproductive parts, describe the process. (sperm released into the water, eggs remain in the body until the sperm enters and fertilizes)
PHYLUM PORIFERA
- choanocytes, flagellated
- hermaphrodites, sperm released into the water, eggs remain in the body until the sperm enters and fertilizes
hydras, jellies, sea anemones, sea fans and coral animals belong to which phylum?
- Two forms a. _______(motile) b._______ (sessile)
- Have _________ w stinging cells containing __________, threadlike tubes that deliver __________ _______.
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
medusa, polyp, tentacles, nematocysts, paralyzing toxins
________ provide a habitat for most mraine species and have the greatest ________ in marine ecosystems
corals, diversity
comb jellies belong to which phylum?
they are motile and although you cant see them have small hair like structires called _______ _____ on the surface, and ___________ (adhesive structures)
PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
ciliated plates, colloblasts
flatworms (ex __________) belong to which phylum?
they lack a body cavity so they are ____________.
they have one opening through which all processes occur (digestion, gas exchange, etc) called the _______________ ________.
they are _______.
tapeworms
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
acoleomates
gastrovascular caity
parasites
round worms (ex ____________) belong to which phylum?
they have a partial body cavity so they are _______________.
they have a separate _____ and ______ but lack and circ and resp system.
they are _________ and produce __________ eggs a day
pinworms
PHYLUM NEMATODA
pseudocoleomates
mouth, anus
parasites (soil + aqautic environment)
100,000
segmented worms (ex. ____________) belong to which phylum?
they have a full body cavity, so they are _________.
they have ___________ bodies and a complete _________ system.
____ ________ occurs through the skin
earthworms
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
coelomates
segemented, digestive
gas exchange
ALL WORMS perfrom _________ and _________ reprdouction and are ___________.
sexual, asexual, hermaphrodites
snails, slugs, clams, squid and octopi belong to which phylum?
There are 3 main components:
- ________, used for _________ and feeding
- __________, thin layer of _____ that secretes the ________.
- ________ _________, contains all _________ organs
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (all organisms have remenant of hard stuff)
foot, locomotion
mantle, tissue, shell
visceral mass, internal
PHYLUM PROFERIA is the only phylum that lacks ______ ________ (sponges). The two phylum that are diploblastic are PHYLUM ________ and __________
true tissues
CNIDARIA, CTENOPHORA
sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers belong to which phylum?
they have ______ ________ as larvae and ______ ___________ as adults.
they have an ___________ made of _______ plates.
spiny _________ protrude through the skin and they do not have no head region.
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry
endoskeleton, calcium
projections
crustaceans (crab), all insects and spiders belong to which phylum?
they have an __________ made of _______ and thus make a crunch if you were to step on them
they have jointed _____.
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
exoskeleton, chitin, legs
________ are needed to protect crops although they damage the environment.
pesticides
pathogens are _______ _________ and vectors are __________ _________. vectors include who mosquitos spread _______ and west nile and _______ _______. ticks and fleas spread ______ disease and the plague.
disease carrying, disease transmitting, malaria, yellow feverm Lyme
ALL VERTEBRATES belong to PHYLUM CHORDATA in additon to ________ and _________ (non-vertebrates)
all PHYLUM CHORDATA are _________, __________ and have _________ _______.
lancelets, tunicates, triploblastic, coelomates, bilateral symmtery
all phylum chordata have possesed 4 anatomical features in their life
- _________: flexible dorsal rod that runs between the dig tract and neve cord
- dorsal _______ nerve cord: makes up ______ aka brain and spinal cord
- _______ slits: digestive tube mouth to anus
- _________ postnatal tail
notochord, hollow, CNS, pharyngeal, muscular
dorsal nerve cord which makes up the brain and spinal cord in chordates is enclosed within the ________ ________ and _________. spinal column is divided into _________.
unknowing to many, the spinal cord has the consistency of __________.
spinal column, cranium, vertebrae toothpaste
ectotherm vs endotherm ?
ecto: absorbs heat from environment (cold-blooded)
endo: uses metabolic energy to maintain high, stable temp
exoskeleton vs endoskeleton?
exo: hard external coat of chitin that covers and protects an arthropod
endo: rigid and internal struc that protects vertebrates
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES include…?
they have skin covered w ____ and ______ for swiming. they perform ________ fertilization where the _______ has to enter the body of a female to ______ her eggs.
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES include…?
scales, gills, sperm, fertilize
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES/ACTINOPTERYGII include…?
they have skin covered w ______ and ___ for swimming
______ ____________ is used for buoyancy
they use ________ ____________. which is when..?
bony fish such as sardines, salmon, pickerel
scales, gills, swim bladder, external fertilization
egg and sperm is released into water and find eavhother w chemical markers
CLASS AMPHIBIA include…?
skin is ______ or ______ and moist for gas exchange.
adults are _______ (4 limbs)
they use ______ __________ and breathe through ____ or _______.
frogs, toads, salamanders
smooth or rough
tetrapods
external fertilization
lungs or skin
CLASS REPTILIA include…?
skin is ______ and scaly
they produce ________ eggs which are eggs w a hard shell that protect the ________.
they have a ____ chambered heart
they use ______ ___________.
crocodiles, alligatorsm turtles, lizards etc
tough, amniotic, embryo, 3, external fertizlization
CLASS OSTEUCHTYHES AND CLASS AMPHIBIA are the only classes that use what?
external fertilization
CLASS AVES includes…?
they have skin covered in _____ and forelimbs modified as _________.
they produce ________ eggs and have a ___ chambered heart.
they have large _____ and perform ______ _________.
avians or birds
feathers, wings
amniotic eggs, 4
brains, internal fertilization
CLASS MAMMALIA include…?
they have hair, _________ glands that secrete milk and _______ for temp regulation.
they have specialized _______, a __ chambered heart, perform _______ __________ and are the only class to give birth to ______ young.
mammals (humans, cows, pigs, etc)
mammary, sweat, teeth, 4, internal fertilization, live
CLASS MAMMALIA AND CLASS AVES are the only two classes to be what? what does this mean?
endothermic, use metabolic energy to maintain a high temp level
