Diverse Places Flashcards
How has the population changed
Over the last 50 years the uk pop. has grown by 10-12 million people, but it hasn’t been at a constant rate and has been uneven with more rapid growth in south-east England in particular, but north-east has had little growth or even decline.
What’s life expectancy
The average number of years a person can expect to live, in a given community.
What’s immigration & emigration
I= people who move Into an area
E= people who Exit/leave an area
Why is BR higher in LIDCs
Lack of contraception Lack of education Culture/religion Need for labour Age at marriage High infant mortality = need a replacement
What’s the DTM
Shows us how population changes overtime.
It lots changes in birth and death rates, and shows that countries pass through 5 stages of population change.
Define population structure
The breakdown of a country’s population into age and gender groups
What’s a population pyramid and what does it show
Population structure can be represented by means of a population pyramid. No/% of people on horizontal axis & Population in age bands of 5years on vertical axis.
The pyramid show longevity by its height and it can show:
- effects of migration
- results of births minus deaths in specific age groups
- effects of events (e.g. War, famine, etc)
- an indication of life expectancy of a country
How do inner cities and suburban areas differ
Inner city (e.g. Newham)- terraced housing, dirty, poor, high levels of ethnic diversity
Suburbs- detached housing, cleaner, predominantly white population
People will perceive urban places differently, depending upon where they are in the life cycle:
- uni student is central
- 2 parent family is suburbs
- Young, single professional is central
19th century London
During this London was transformed into the worlds largest city and capital of the British empire, it’s population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. It became the global, political, financial and trading capital.
Victorian London
Life here depended on people’s level of income and society status. Many perceived urban areas as dangerous and threatening.
Perceptions of cities (industrial to post-industrial)
Industrial revolution occurred between 1750-1850 in the uk.
Mechanisation, steam owner and factories changed almost every aspect of daily life in Britain.
Population and incomes grew.
Urban areas saw unprecedented growth as people migrated to cities for work.
Cities were perceived as places of opportunity.
Perceptions of rural places
Often perceived as idyllic, due to tranquility, natural landscapes, historical and cultural associations.
Changes to rural areas
The current uk process of counter-urbanisation suggests that more people are perusing their perceptions of the rural idyll.
Commuter belt villages and accessible rural areas are experiencing population growth as commuters and those seeking rural recreational opportunities choose to live there.
Accessible rural areas will be dominated by working age people and there’ll be lots of children.
Remote rural areas suffer from depopulation due to remoteness causing lower quality of life, and in places, harsh psychical environments.
Paul closes rural-urban continuum model (1970)
URBAN 1-urban built environment 2-urban rural fringe 3-farming and computer zone 4-deep countryside 5-remote rural environments RURAL
How population density varies within an urban area
1- CBD has low density
2- density starts to rise in inner cities
3- density starts to fall in suburbs (longer commute)
4- density increases again near rural-urban fringe
5- density falls again in and beyond the green belt
What’s ethnic segregation
The enforced or voluntary separation of people of different cultures or nationalities.
Migrants tend to live in distinct places, with segregation closely related to economic and social indicators.
U.K. Ethnic/Cultural Diversity
86% of uk population are white
Single largest ethnic group after white, is Indian, which in broader categories can be classed as Asian
Third is black/African Caribbean/ black British
99% of jerseys population are from white European cultural background, as opposed to 86% in the uk
5 reasons ethnic groups cluster
- A familiar culture- support and comfort from people speaking the same language, etc
- Specialist facilities- by grouping it allows for a population threshold, to meet the needed services
- Safety in numbers- more power and becomes easier and more viable to live there
- Employment factors- tends to be low wage so not much money, limited housing
- Support from others- feel safe and secure
What makes people move
- push&pull factors (pull is perceptions and biggest pull factor is opportunity)
- suburbanisation (outward spread of the built up area, often at lower densities as people decentralise)
- counterurbanisation (movement of people into rural places outside the city)
In & out migration
IN: mostly young professionals seeking opportunity, moving from pull factors (opportunity and perceptions)
OUT: mostly old and middle aged people seeking the rural idyll, moving from push factors (international migrants, rural idyll, more space and safety for children)
“White flight”- predominantly white British people moving out due to international migrants and for more space
Country of birth and nationality of residents in UK
India most common, non-uk country of birth in 2014… Roughly 793,000 usual residents of uk were born in India.
Polish is most common non-British nationality in 2014… Roughly 853,000 usual residents of the uk have polish nationality.
National governments
Usually main gatekeepers in migration matters.
But EU’s founding principle of a free movement of labour between member countries, now means that the uk government is no longer in control of its borders - key issue in the EU referendum.
Migrants to rural areas CASE STUDY: Boston, Lincolnshire
It’s one of Lincolnshire’s largest towns, saw its overseas born population increase.
International migrants move here for fertile soils (which make it the uk’s most productive area for growing veg), and veg picking & packing there is now done largely by Eastern Europeans (migrants) for low wages.
What social tensions does Boston migration create
- Some believe migrants undercut local labour rates.
- Many Latvian pickers are paid below the legal £6.21 farm minimum wage and have excessive costs for accommodation and transport deducted from their wages.
- Some migrants are being ruthlessly exploited by gang masters and enriching criminals who prey on their poor language skills and ignorance of local labour laws.
