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A Level Human Geography > Diverse Places 4.1-4.3 > Flashcards

Diverse Places 4.1-4.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Country

A

A nation with its own government

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2
Q

Region

A

An area with distinct characteristics but not necessarily fixed boundaries

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3
Q

Local authorities

A

An administrative body in local government

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4
Q

City/town

A

A built up area that is larger than a village with a name, government and boundaries

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5
Q

Electoral ward

A

A spatial unit used to elect local government councillors into district areas

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6
Q

4 ways the population of the UK has changed since 1960

A

A large birth rate in the 1960s (baby boom)
Decline in fertility in the 1970s (contraception)
Rise in fertility in the 1980s (baby boomers’ children)
Rise in population in the 2000s (net migration)

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7
Q

Urbanisation

A

The increase in proportion of people in urban areas as compared with rural areas

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8
Q

Ageing population

A

A population with a large percentage of people aged over 65

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9
Q

Demographic transition model define

A

A model that shows how population changes in line with economic development

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10
Q

Why is there a North-South drift

A

The rising economic prosperity of London and the SE
It is becoming a global centre of finance and business
A hub of modern service industries

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11
Q

What happened to the North’s industry

A

There was a decline in manufacturing/factories and a collapse of traditional heavy industries (coal mining, steel, ship making) due to foreign competition

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12
Q

What has happened to the Highlands’ population

A

It has seen an increase in population due to expansion of oil and gas industries there
However the high percentage change looks dramatic - but can be caused by small increases in a small population

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13
Q

What UK cities have seen most population growth

A

City of London
Westminster
Coventry

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14
Q

What UK cities have seen least population growth

A

Inverclyde
Blackpool
Isles of Scilly

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15
Q

UK average population density

A

250 people per km2

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16
Q

Case Study: population growth

A

Edinburgh
Population increased by 12.3%
Caused in part by students and young professionals
20% population in their 20s
47% non-UK born are European - highest of any UK city

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17
Q

Case Study: population decline

A

Blackpool
Constant decline since 2001
20-44 have a lower population compared with England = slow natural increase
The over 65 population will make up 25% total
Over 90% immigration comes from within the UK
Population fluctuates, moving in and out quickly

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18
Q

Population density

A

The number of people per unit area (km2)

Total population of an area/ its area

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19
Q

Population structure

A

Composition of the population in an area
Key aspects are age groups and M/F balance
Also life expectancy, marital status, family size

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20
Q

Rural urban continuum

A

The map showing the progression from a large city into the urban (90m away by car)
Paul Cloke devised this model in the 1970s

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21
Q

Suburbanisation

A

Opposite of urbanisation

People moving into the suburbs for less pollution and a lower cost of living

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22
Q

Rural urban fringe

A

The blurred boundary between countryside and city

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23
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The way urban areas expand and absorb what was the countryside (or green belt)

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24
Q

Dormitory suburbs

A

They have homes for commuters

Gradually adopting shops, school, health, leisure facilities

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25
Q

CBD

A

Central Business District

The core of the city

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26
Q

Land use in the CBD

A

Its function is business and leisure

Land use is mainly for businesses, with commercial function

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27
Q

Inner urban ridge

A

Highest density
Terraced housing or high rise flats
From industrial times - high density housing due to popularity and poverty

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28
Q

Interwar suburban depression

A

Where there was a lull in house building after the war

So homes out here are larger and lower density

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29
Q

Urban fringe cliff

A

A ‘cliff’ before a fall in population density
Commenter settlements
Traditionally council housing estates

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30
Q

Beyond the urban fringe

A

Low density

Rural areas, mainly small villages

31
Q

Fertility rate

A

Of the women of child bearing age, on average how many children do they have

32
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of babies born

33
Q

Newham case study

A

Very high density
Mainly ages 21-40
High rates of international migration and natural increase

34
Q

North Yorkshire case study

A

Seen as an idyllic retirement location
Experiencing an ageing population
Low density population

35
Q

Highland case study

A

A very low density, sparsely populated population
Inaccessible area
Agricultural jobs being lost
Some young families and retirees moving out there but very slow pace of life

36
Q

Kingston upon Thames case study

A

One of the wealthiest boroughs in London
20% overseas-born migrants
High population density but low for London (4400/km2)

37
Q

Physical env impact on pop density

A

Fairly flat areas often used for residential development

Building on floodplains/slopes is expensive - so avoided unless necessary

38
Q

Socio economic status impact on pop density

A

Wealthier people=more expensive housing
So low population/housing density
Traditionally the wealthy lived on the West (windward) side because pollution from the area drifts to the leeward side

39
Q

Function impact on pop density

A

A function of commerce will negatively affect density

Manufacturing areas more likely to have high housing density

40
Q

Planning impact on pop density

A

Green belts prevent building on them
Lowers density
Planners attempt to control population density and they stipulate dwelling units per hectare

41
Q

Demographic transition model diagram

A
42
Q

Phase 1 of DTM

A 
High stationary
High birth rate
No contraception
High death rate
Poor healthcare
43
Q

Phase 2 of DTM

A 
Early Expanding
Fluctuating birth rate
Difficult to change cultural values
Death rate decreases
Improved healthcare
44
Q

Phase 3 of DTM

A

Late expanding
Birth rate starts to fall
?reduced infant mortality
Death rate continues to fall

45
Q

Phase 4 of DTM

A

Low Stationary
Birth rate much lower
Increase in women’s rights and contraception
Death rate is low but plateaus
There has been lots of improvement in healthcare

46
Q

Phase 5 of DTM

A 
?Declining - to be avoided! Not enough workers!
Predicted birth rate falls further
A woman chooses a career instead
Death rate slightly increases
Ageing population
47
Q

5 factors affecting fertility rates

A 
Economy (eg recession)
Attitudes (religion, culture)
Women’s rights (abortion, their role)
Contraception (1970s)
Infant mortality rate (lower mortality=lower fertility)
48
Q

5 factors affecting mortality rates

A 
Disease
Deprivation
Medical care
Huge events (eg natural disasters)
Ageing population
49
Q

Urban fertility rates

A

Young, more ethnically diverse

High fertility rates

50
Q

Urban mortality rates

A

Better healthcare = lower deaths

Stress/pace of life = more deaths

51
Q

Rural fertility rates

A

Generally older populations so generally lower fertility rates
Population change often because of internal migration

52
Q

Rural mortality rates

A

Older population = higher mortality rates

53
Q

Natural change

A

The outcome of the balance between births and deaths in a population
Natural increase when births exceed deaths and natural decrease is the other way around

54
Q

Immigration and emigration

A

Movement of people between countries
Immigration = arrival from other countries
Emigration = departure to other countries

55
Q

Net migration

A

Balance between immigrants and emigrants

Positive when arrivals>departures or negative when vice versa

56
Q

Ethnicity quote

A

‘The most common characteristics of ethnicity are racial ancestry, a sense of history, language, religion and forms of dress’
‘With the exception of racial characteristics, ethnic differences are learned, not inherited’

57
Q

Social clustering

A

A preference for living close to people similar to you who you want to be with
Happens mainly by choice not chance

58
Q

Social clustering example

A

In Wembley a Hindu community has become established
There is a a place of worship, the Shree Santana Hindu Mandir Temple
The community felt safer, with a place of worship and local shops

59
Q

3 Internal explanations for social clustering

A

New immigrants share a common language and experiences
There are Ethnically specific services eg. Places of worship
The feeling of safety in numbers and a strong community tie

60
Q

3 external explanations for social clustering

A

Estate agents consciously or unconsciously concentrate groups in particular areas
An existing population may leave an area if a new ethnic group moves in
Prejudice in the jobs market means some ethnic groups are mainly low income so have to live in the cheaper housing

61
Q

Why are racial minorities concentrated in the main urban and industrial areas

A

There is lots of employment in serves (transport, health)

They are easy to get to - where rural areas aren’t

62
Q

Case study of historical immigration

A

A large number of migrants from the Caribbean came over to work fro London transport in the 1950s
In the 1970s the number of Bangladeshi immigrants was at an all time high and they founded communities in Brick Lane and the ‘curry miles’ in Bradford

63
Q

Government planning and immigration

A

After WW2 the labour shortages meant the government published job advertisements and had immigration targets. Eg. Empire Windrush
However it can also control immigration eg. It never signed up to passport free movement of EU citizens because it didn’t want immigration other than working age individuals

64
Q

LSOAs

A

Lower layer super output area
Small areas of approx 1500 residents
They divide up the Country into small area statistics

65
Q

IMD

A

Index of Multiple Deprivation
Measure of relative deprivation for small areas in England
Ranks most-least deprived areas

66
Q

7 factors of IMD

A 
Income deprivation
Employment deprivation
Education, skills, training
Health
Crime
Barriers to housing and services
Living environment
67
Q

Average age of Wingrove

A

30.4 (younger than average)

68
Q

Wingrove population and M/F

A

13,685 residents

54% male, 46% female

69
Q

% Asian in Wingrove

A

37% Asian or Asian British as compared with the England average of 8%
14% Pakistani

70
Q

% born outside the UK Wingrove

A

35% compared to the England average 9.4%

71
Q

% Hindu and Muslim Wingrove

A
  1. 9% Hindu compared with 1.5% average

29. 8% Muslim compared with 5% average

72
Q

% retired Wingrove

A

5.7% compared with 13.7% England averahe

73
Q

% students Wingrove

A

10.3% compared with average of 3.4%

74
Q

% sales and customer service Wingrove

A

12.3% compared with 8.4% average

A Level Human Geography (8 decks)

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