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A Level Human Geography > Diverse Places 4.1-4.3 > Flashcards

Diverse Places 4.1-4.3 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Country

A

A nation with its own government

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2
Q

Region

A

An area with distinct characteristics but not necessarily fixed boundaries

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3
Q

Local authorities

A

An administrative body in local government

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4
Q

City/town

A

A built up area that is larger than a village with a name, government and boundaries

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5
Q

Electoral ward

A

A spatial unit used to elect local government councillors into district areas

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6
Q

4 ways the population of the UK has changed since 1960

A

A large birth rate in the 1960s (baby boom)
Decline in fertility in the 1970s (contraception)
Rise in fertility in the 1980s (baby boomers’ children)
Rise in population in the 2000s (net migration)

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7
Q

Urbanisation

A

The increase in proportion of people in urban areas as compared with rural areas

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8
Q

Ageing population

A

A population with a large percentage of people aged over 65

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9
Q

Demographic transition model define

A

A model that shows how population changes in line with economic development

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10
Q

Why is there a North-South drift

A

The rising economic prosperity of London and the SE
It is becoming a global centre of finance and business
A hub of modern service industries

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11
Q

What happened to the North’s industry

A

There was a decline in manufacturing/factories and a collapse of traditional heavy industries (coal mining, steel, ship making) due to foreign competition

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12
Q

What has happened to the Highlands’ population

A

It has seen an increase in population due to expansion of oil and gas industries there
However the high percentage change looks dramatic - but can be caused by small increases in a small population

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13
Q

What UK cities have seen most population growth

A

City of London
Westminster
Coventry

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14
Q

What UK cities have seen least population growth

A

Inverclyde
Blackpool
Isles of Scilly

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15
Q

UK average population density

A

250 people per km2

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16
Q

Case Study: population growth

A

Edinburgh
Population increased by 12.3%
Caused in part by students and young professionals
20% population in their 20s
47% non-UK born are European - highest of any UK city

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17
Q

Case Study: population decline

A

Blackpool
Constant decline since 2001
20-44 have a lower population compared with England = slow natural increase
The over 65 population will make up 25% total
Over 90% immigration comes from within the UK
Population fluctuates, moving in and out quickly

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18
Q

Population density

A

The number of people per unit area (km2)

Total population of an area/ its area

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19
Q

Population structure

A

Composition of the population in an area
Key aspects are age groups and M/F balance
Also life expectancy, marital status, family size

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20
Q

Rural urban continuum

A

The map showing the progression from a large city into the urban (90m away by car)
Paul Cloke devised this model in the 1970s

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21
Q

Suburbanisation

A

Opposite of urbanisation

People moving into the suburbs for less pollution and a lower cost of living

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22
Q

Rural urban fringe

A

The blurred boundary between countryside and city

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23
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The way urban areas expand and absorb what was the countryside (or green belt)

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24
Q

Dormitory suburbs

A

They have homes for commuters

Gradually adopting shops, school, health, leisure facilities

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25
CBD
Central Business District | The core of the city
26
Land use in the CBD
Its function is business and leisure | Land use is mainly for businesses, with commercial function
27
Inner urban ridge
Highest density Terraced housing or high rise flats From industrial times - high density housing due to popularity and poverty
28
Interwar suburban depression
Where there was a lull in house building after the war | So homes out here are larger and lower density
29
Urban fringe cliff
A ‘cliff’ before a fall in population density Commenter settlements Traditionally council housing estates
30
Beyond the urban fringe
Low density | Rural areas, mainly small villages
31
Fertility rate
Of the women of child bearing age, on average how many children do they have
32
Birth rate
The number of babies born
33
Newham case study
Very high density Mainly ages 21-40 High rates of international migration and natural increase
34
North Yorkshire case study
Seen as an idyllic retirement location Experiencing an ageing population Low density population
35
Highland case study
A very low density, sparsely populated population Inaccessible area Agricultural jobs being lost Some young families and retirees moving out there but very slow pace of life
36
Kingston upon Thames case study
One of the wealthiest boroughs in London 20% overseas-born migrants High population density but low for London (4400/km2)
37
Physical env impact on pop density
Fairly flat areas often used for residential development | Building on floodplains/slopes is expensive - so avoided unless necessary
38
Socio economic status impact on pop density
Wealthier people=more expensive housing So low population/housing density Traditionally the wealthy lived on the West (windward) side because pollution from the area drifts to the leeward side
39
Function impact on pop density
A function of commerce will negatively affect density | Manufacturing areas more likely to have high housing density
40
Planning impact on pop density
Green belts prevent building on them Lowers density Planners attempt to control population density and they stipulate dwelling units per hectare
41
Demographic transition model diagram
42
Phase 1 of DTM
``` High stationary High birth rate No contraception High death rate Poor healthcare ```
43
Phase 2 of DTM
``` Early Expanding Fluctuating birth rate Difficult to change cultural values Death rate decreases Improved healthcare ```
44
Phase 3 of DTM
Late expanding Birth rate starts to fall ?reduced infant mortality Death rate continues to fall
45
Phase 4 of DTM
Low Stationary Birth rate much lower Increase in women’s rights and contraception Death rate is low but plateaus There has been lots of improvement in healthcare
46
Phase 5 of DTM
``` ?Declining - to be avoided! Not enough workers! Predicted birth rate falls further A woman chooses a career instead Death rate slightly increases Ageing population ```
47
5 factors affecting fertility rates
``` Economy (eg recession) Attitudes (religion, culture) Women’s rights (abortion, their role) Contraception (1970s) Infant mortality rate (lower mortality=lower fertility) ```
48
5 factors affecting mortality rates
``` Disease Deprivation Medical care Huge events (eg natural disasters) Ageing population ```
49
Urban fertility rates
Young, more ethnically diverse | High fertility rates
50
Urban mortality rates
Better healthcare = lower deaths | Stress/pace of life = more deaths
51
Rural fertility rates
Generally older populations so generally lower fertility rates Population change often because of internal migration
52
Rural mortality rates
Older population = higher mortality rates
53
Natural change
The outcome of the balance between births and deaths in a population Natural increase when births exceed deaths and natural decrease is the other way around
54
Immigration and emigration
Movement of people between countries Immigration = arrival from other countries Emigration = departure to other countries
55
Net migration
Balance between immigrants and emigrants | Positive when arrivals>departures or negative when vice versa
56
Ethnicity quote
‘The most common characteristics of ethnicity are racial ancestry, a sense of history, language, religion and forms of dress’ ‘With the exception of racial characteristics, ethnic differences are learned, not inherited’
57
Social clustering
A preference for living close to people similar to you who you want to be with Happens mainly by choice not chance
58
Social clustering example
In Wembley a Hindu community has become established There is a a place of worship, the Shree Santana Hindu Mandir Temple The community felt safer, with a place of worship and local shops
59
3 Internal explanations for social clustering
New immigrants share a common language and experiences There are Ethnically specific services eg. Places of worship The feeling of safety in numbers and a strong community tie
60
3 external explanations for social clustering
Estate agents consciously or unconsciously concentrate groups in particular areas An existing population may leave an area if a new ethnic group moves in Prejudice in the jobs market means some ethnic groups are mainly low income so have to live in the cheaper housing
61
Why are racial minorities concentrated in the main urban and industrial areas
There is lots of employment in serves (transport, health) | They are easy to get to - where rural areas aren’t
62
Case study of historical immigration
A large number of migrants from the Caribbean came over to work fro London transport in the 1950s In the 1970s the number of Bangladeshi immigrants was at an all time high and they founded communities in Brick Lane and the ‘curry miles’ in Bradford
63
Government planning and immigration
After WW2 the labour shortages meant the government published job advertisements and had immigration targets. Eg. Empire Windrush However it can also control immigration eg. It never signed up to passport free movement of EU citizens because it didn’t want immigration other than working age individuals
64
LSOAs
Lower layer super output area Small areas of approx 1500 residents They divide up the Country into small area statistics
65
IMD
Index of Multiple Deprivation Measure of relative deprivation for small areas in England Ranks most-least deprived areas
66
7 factors of IMD
``` Income deprivation Employment deprivation Education, skills, training Health Crime Barriers to housing and services Living environment ```
67
Average age of Wingrove
30.4 (younger than average)
68
Wingrove population and M/F
13,685 residents | 54% male, 46% female
69
% Asian in Wingrove
37% Asian or Asian British as compared with the England average of 8% 14% Pakistani
70
% born outside the UK Wingrove
35% compared to the England average 9.4%
71
% Hindu and Muslim Wingrove
4. 9% Hindu compared with 1.5% average | 29. 8% Muslim compared with 5% average
72
% retired Wingrove
5.7% compared with 13.7% England averahe
73
% students Wingrove
10.3% compared with average of 3.4%
74
% sales and customer service Wingrove
12.3% compared with 8.4% average

A Level Human Geography (8 decks)

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