Diverse Places 4.1-4.3 Flashcards
Country
A nation with its own government
Region
An area with distinct characteristics but not necessarily fixed boundaries
Local authorities
An administrative body in local government
City/town
A built up area that is larger than a village with a name, government and boundaries
Electoral ward
A spatial unit used to elect local government councillors into district areas
4 ways the population of the UK has changed since 1960
A large birth rate in the 1960s (baby boom)
Decline in fertility in the 1970s (contraception)
Rise in fertility in the 1980s (baby boomers’ children)
Rise in population in the 2000s (net migration)
Urbanisation
The increase in proportion of people in urban areas as compared with rural areas
Ageing population
A population with a large percentage of people aged over 65
Demographic transition model define
A model that shows how population changes in line with economic development
Why is there a North-South drift
The rising economic prosperity of London and the SE
It is becoming a global centre of finance and business
A hub of modern service industries
What happened to the North’s industry
There was a decline in manufacturing/factories and a collapse of traditional heavy industries (coal mining, steel, ship making) due to foreign competition
What has happened to the Highlands’ population
It has seen an increase in population due to expansion of oil and gas industries there
However the high percentage change looks dramatic - but can be caused by small increases in a small population
What UK cities have seen most population growth
City of London
Westminster
Coventry
What UK cities have seen least population growth
Inverclyde
Blackpool
Isles of Scilly
UK average population density
250 people per km2
Case Study: population growth
Edinburgh
Population increased by 12.3%
Caused in part by students and young professionals
20% population in their 20s
47% non-UK born are European - highest of any UK city
Case Study: population decline
Blackpool
Constant decline since 2001
20-44 have a lower population compared with England = slow natural increase
The over 65 population will make up 25% total
Over 90% immigration comes from within the UK
Population fluctuates, moving in and out quickly
Population density
The number of people per unit area (km2)
Total population of an area/ its area
Population structure
Composition of the population in an area
Key aspects are age groups and M/F balance
Also life expectancy, marital status, family size
Rural urban continuum
The map showing the progression from a large city into the urban (90m away by car)
Paul Cloke devised this model in the 1970s
Suburbanisation
Opposite of urbanisation
People moving into the suburbs for less pollution and a lower cost of living
Rural urban fringe
The blurred boundary between countryside and city
Urban sprawl
The way urban areas expand and absorb what was the countryside (or green belt)
Dormitory suburbs
They have homes for commuters
Gradually adopting shops, school, health, leisure facilities
CBD
Central Business District
The core of the city
Land use in the CBD
Its function is business and leisure
Land use is mainly for businesses, with commercial function
Inner urban ridge
Highest density
Terraced housing or high rise flats
From industrial times - high density housing due to popularity and poverty
Interwar suburban depression
Where there was a lull in house building after the war
So homes out here are larger and lower density
Urban fringe cliff
A ‘cliff’ before a fall in population density
Commenter settlements
Traditionally council housing estates
Beyond the urban fringe
Low density
Rural areas, mainly small villages
Fertility rate
Of the women of child bearing age, on average how many children do they have
Birth rate
The number of babies born
Newham case study
Very high density
Mainly ages 21-40
High rates of international migration and natural increase
North Yorkshire case study
Seen as an idyllic retirement location
Experiencing an ageing population
Low density population
Highland case study
A very low density, sparsely populated population
Inaccessible area
Agricultural jobs being lost
Some young families and retirees moving out there but very slow pace of life
Kingston upon Thames case study
One of the wealthiest boroughs in London
20% overseas-born migrants
High population density but low for London (4400/km2)
Physical env impact on pop density
Fairly flat areas often used for residential development
Building on floodplains/slopes is expensive - so avoided unless necessary
Socio economic status impact on pop density
Wealthier people=more expensive housing
So low population/housing density
Traditionally the wealthy lived on the West (windward) side because pollution from the area drifts to the leeward side
Function impact on pop density
A function of commerce will negatively affect density
Manufacturing areas more likely to have high housing density
Planning impact on pop density
Green belts prevent building on them
Lowers density
Planners attempt to control population density and they stipulate dwelling units per hectare
Demographic transition model diagram
Phase 1 of DTM
High stationary High birth rate No contraception High death rate Poor healthcare
Phase 2 of DTM
Early Expanding Fluctuating birth rate Difficult to change cultural values Death rate decreases Improved healthcare
Phase 3 of DTM
Late expanding
Birth rate starts to fall
?reduced infant mortality
Death rate continues to fall
Phase 4 of DTM
Low Stationary
Birth rate much lower
Increase in women’s rights and contraception
Death rate is low but plateaus
There has been lots of improvement in healthcare
Phase 5 of DTM
?Declining - to be avoided! Not enough workers! Predicted birth rate falls further A woman chooses a career instead Death rate slightly increases Ageing population
5 factors affecting fertility rates
Economy (eg recession) Attitudes (religion, culture) Women’s rights (abortion, their role) Contraception (1970s) Infant mortality rate (lower mortality=lower fertility)
5 factors affecting mortality rates
Disease Deprivation Medical care Huge events (eg natural disasters) Ageing population
Urban fertility rates
Young, more ethnically diverse
High fertility rates
Urban mortality rates
Better healthcare = lower deaths
Stress/pace of life = more deaths
Rural fertility rates
Generally older populations so generally lower fertility rates
Population change often because of internal migration
Rural mortality rates
Older population = higher mortality rates
Natural change
The outcome of the balance between births and deaths in a population
Natural increase when births exceed deaths and natural decrease is the other way around
Immigration and emigration
Movement of people between countries
Immigration = arrival from other countries
Emigration = departure to other countries
Net migration
Balance between immigrants and emigrants
Positive when arrivals>departures or negative when vice versa
Ethnicity quote
‘The most common characteristics of ethnicity are racial ancestry, a sense of history, language, religion and forms of dress’
‘With the exception of racial characteristics, ethnic differences are learned, not inherited’
Social clustering
A preference for living close to people similar to you who you want to be with
Happens mainly by choice not chance
Social clustering example
In Wembley a Hindu community has become established
There is a a place of worship, the Shree Santana Hindu Mandir Temple
The community felt safer, with a place of worship and local shops
3 Internal explanations for social clustering
New immigrants share a common language and experiences
There are Ethnically specific services eg. Places of worship
The feeling of safety in numbers and a strong community tie
3 external explanations for social clustering
Estate agents consciously or unconsciously concentrate groups in particular areas
An existing population may leave an area if a new ethnic group moves in
Prejudice in the jobs market means some ethnic groups are mainly low income so have to live in the cheaper housing
Why are racial minorities concentrated in the main urban and industrial areas
There is lots of employment in serves (transport, health)
They are easy to get to - where rural areas aren’t
Case study of historical immigration
A large number of migrants from the Caribbean came over to work fro London transport in the 1950s
In the 1970s the number of Bangladeshi immigrants was at an all time high and they founded communities in Brick Lane and the ‘curry miles’ in Bradford
Government planning and immigration
After WW2 the labour shortages meant the government published job advertisements and had immigration targets. Eg. Empire Windrush
However it can also control immigration eg. It never signed up to passport free movement of EU citizens because it didn’t want immigration other than working age individuals
LSOAs
Lower layer super output area
Small areas of approx 1500 residents
They divide up the Country into small area statistics
IMD
Index of Multiple Deprivation
Measure of relative deprivation for small areas in England
Ranks most-least deprived areas
7 factors of IMD
Income deprivation Employment deprivation Education, skills, training Health Crime Barriers to housing and services Living environment
Average age of Wingrove
30.4 (younger than average)
Wingrove population and M/F
13,685 residents
54% male, 46% female
% Asian in Wingrove
37% Asian or Asian British as compared with the England average of 8%
14% Pakistani
% born outside the UK Wingrove
35% compared to the England average 9.4%
% Hindu and Muslim Wingrove
- 9% Hindu compared with 1.5% average
29. 8% Muslim compared with 5% average
% retired Wingrove
5.7% compared with 13.7% England averahe
% students Wingrove
10.3% compared with average of 3.4%
% sales and customer service Wingrove
12.3% compared with 8.4% average
