Diverse Places Flashcards
What does a Demographic Transition Model try to explain
Changes to populations with development
What are the 4 stages of the Demographic Transition Model
1: Undeveloped country has consistent population due to high birth rate and high death rate
2: Improvements to healthcare reduces death rate while birth rate stays high, increasing population
3: Death rate continues to decrease as development continues, although increased focus on careers for women and contraception reduces birth rate. Overall increase in population
4: Developed countries have similarly low birth and death rates, however its developed status encourages migration so population increase continues
Gives 3 examples in countries that contradict the Demographic Transition Model
UAE - Rapid development from oil money stimulated migration at an extremely early stage
Syria - Conflict has led to mass outwards migration and an increased death rate
Haiti - Earthquake has reduced healthcare infrastructure and has increased the death rate
Why is the South and East of England more populated (3)
- Nearer London
- Nearer Europe
- Flatter
4 reasons for decreasing birth rate in UK
- Decrease in religion means more contraception, later marriage, more abortios
- Contraception
- Women focusing on jobs
- Increased cost of raising children
2 reasons for decreasing death rate in UK
- Cleaner water and sanitation
- Better advancement in medicine (eg vaccines)
3 reasons why developed countries could have a higher death rate
Lifestyle choices:
Smoking, drinking, bad diet
What is the Rural-Urban Continuum
The shift in density and land use from a city centre to the suburbs to commuter towns to fully rural settlements
What are two models that can be used to describe the layout of a city
Burgess Model - multiple rings surrounding the CBD, including Inner City, Inner Suburbs and Outer Suburbs
Hoyt Model - CBD is surrounded by different segments (imagine cake slices) of working class housing, middle class housing and industry. The working class areas are usually located by the industry areas
What is the difference between endogenous factors affecting the character of a place and exogenous ones and 3 examples of each
endogenous factors are internal factors such as land use, topography and architecture
exogenous factors are external factors such as the impact of tourists, immigration and investment from external businesses
What is the difference in the population pyramids of London and the Scottish Highlands
London has a much younger population of people (most commonly around 25-39) compared to the Highlands (40-65)
Describe Portugal’s population pyramid, why this is the case and why this is a problem
Portugal’s population pyramid has a large number of older adults around 60 years old, due to ageing, and reduced young people due to falling birth rates and net emigration
Demographics of Tooting
(Population, % White British, Age)
Population: 16239
38.4% White British
Median Age 30
Demographics of Swanage
(Population, % White British, Age)
Population: 9113
92.6% White British
Median Age 56
2 Past Factors which has shaped Tooting’s demographics
1926 - Opening of the Northern Line made population younger as it made London work accessible
1948 Nationality Act led to a large amount of people from ex-colonies moving to the UK, and Tooting gained a large amount of South Asians, especially Indians
2 ways Tooting’s demographics have shaped the local area
Establishment of a mosque (idara-e-jaaferiya) /islamic community centre, and the diversity of Tooting Market and the food it sells (Greek, Jamaican, Indian, Guyanese, Chinese etc)
2 Factors which has shaped Swanage’s demographics
Seaside remote location appealing to retirees
Distance from major cities = less jobs so not appealing to immigrants
2 ways Swanage’s demographics has shaped its local area
9 churches reflecting the Christian population and the Purbeck Valley Folk Festival
What are 5 factors that can affect perception of a place and are they formal or informal
- Lived experience (I)
- Social media (I)
- Media (TV, News, Movies) (F)
- Statistics (census, crime etc) (F)
- Estate Agents (F)
What is the rural idyll and what are 4 drawbacks of living in a remote area
The concept that living in a rural place is the perfect life due to the slower place of life and stronger community feel
This may not be accurate as:
- Expensive
- Jobs are often seasonal
- Infrequent access to public transport
- Isolation from services like hospitals
What are the 3 types of rural places
- Commuter Areas (often inhabited by people who work or often visit big cities, well connected)
- Accessible Rural (Areas not easy to reach but possible)
- Remote Rural (Not accessible)
What is the North-South Drift
The general movement of people from the North of England to the wealthier South, due to better job opportunities especially post deindustrialisation
Name 3 periods of mass-immigration to the UK
- Post-Colonial Immigration: eg India (1947) and Windrush (1948)
- Post-Accession (2004, Poland and other eastern europeans)
- Ukraine War 2022 (176,000 due to war)
How did Brexit affect immigration to the UK
Reduced the Eastern European migration rate in the UK but did not affect other ethnicities such as Indians
Explain a case study on tensions caused by immigration
Boston, Lincolnshire
2001 - 0.1% Eastern European
2011 - 10.6% Eastern European
Eastern Europeans have moved in to do farming work that locals were largely unwilling to do, but due to being mostly young males, there has been some public disorder cases in the town such as defecating and littering in public. This has, alongside putting a strain on housing and services, caused resent from locals towards the immigrants and led to Boston being one of 5 councils to vote Reform in the 2024 elections
3 reasons for voluntary ethnic segregation in the UK
- Seeking protection against racism
- Creating ethnic majorities to get ethnic politicians elected
- To preserve the culture of the country of origin
3 reasons for forced ethnic segregation in the UK
- Job discrimination preventing ethnic minorities from getting higher paying jobs to access wealthier areas
- Housing discrimination blacklisting minorities from some areas
- Hostility from the majority population
Is ethnic segregation increasing or decreasing and why
Decreasing as many 2nd/3rd generation immigrants may feel more integrated in British culture and would be more comfortable leaving an ethnic cluster
Give an example of elite ethnic segregation
150,000 wealthy Russians living in high income areas like Chelsea, Kensington and Belgravia
Give an example of low-income ethnic segregation
Bangladeshis in London - 65% of Bangladeshis in the UK live in low-income households and this has led to them being forced to live in cheaper areas like Tower Hamlets and Whitechapel
Describe the changes that immigration has made to Southall since 1948
The 1948 Nationality Act made many Indians move to Southall as there were good job opportunities at local factories and Heathrow, and then people chose to move into the ethnic enclave.
Southall Sikh Cultural Society - 1960
Train Station Signs in English and Hindi
Jamia Masjid Islamic Centre
Are there tensions in Southall
There used to be up until around 1995, with lots of violence in the area, but it is now a safe place with few tensions
Why did the London Docklands need to be redeveloped in the eyes of the government
It was previous reliant on docking cargo ships, but the boats got too big to go down the Thames and so the Docklands fell into disuse, creating poverty and unemployment in the area common
What was set up to redevelop the docklands and when
LDDC - 1981
Describe the changes made to the Docklands by the LDDC and the tensions this caused
Redeveloped areas like Canary Wharf, bringing in 20,000 new homes for 90,000 residents and appealed to skilled workers in the quarternary sector. This led to extreme gentrification which drove out the poorer original population who could no longer afford to live in the area, which infuriated them
Describe why there are tensions in luton and 2 examples of tensions there
A combination of deindustrialisation (Vauxhall Motors closed in 2002) leading to mass unemployment, alongside increased immigration and ethnic clustering (like Asians in Bury Park( creating no clear ethnic majority, led to many conflicts over jobs and general racial tensions
In 2009, the Royal Anglian Regiment in Luton was attacked by Muslim men
In 2009 also, the EDL was founded by Tommy Robinson in Luton
Case study on social exclusion
Glasgow
47.3% of people in Glasgow live in the top 20% most deprived areas in Scotland
34% of Glaswegian children in poverty
Ethnic minorities largely blamed by white people for large scale unemployment, lack of council investment and diluting the Scottish culture
Ethnic minorities face job discrimination and have much higher unemployment rates
Large Roma population in Glasgow leading to Glasgow joining ROMA-net which encourages good treatment of roma populations and tries to improve the situation of this group
What is the 3 factors that combine to create the Social Progress Index
Basic Human Needs
Foundation of Wellbeing
Opportunity
What are the 4 ways that integration can be measured
Demographic (Mixed marriage, residency)
Economic (Wage gap, employment rates)
Political (Level of political involvement)
Social (level of racial tensions and hate crime)
From 1991 to 2011, is integration increasing in terms of where people live
For all ethnic groups except Chinese, yes
To what extent is economic segregation a problem
Very much - black people earn 23% less than an equally qualified white person on average if they both have degrees
Are there political differences between white people and ethnic minorities in terms of voting
Slightly lower proportions of minority citizens register to vote but voter turnout is the same
__% of minority citizens say they experience personal discrimination
36%
Is hate crime increasing and why could this be
Every year from 2011-2022, it increased, but in recent years has decreased
The increase could have been simply because a higher proportion of hate crimes was actually reported
An example of more successful integration into a UK town
Slough - 19 ethnic groups, but no ethnic clustering. No dominant religion. However large scale regeneration including 39 brownfield sites being redeveloped, 3 new housing developments and greater community features like Aik Saath, a group which aims to reduce tensions between minority groups in Slough and educate about racism and knife possession. TNCs opening in the area due to its proximity to Heathrow is increasing employment
oxford case study
Housing crisis - Oxford needs 32,000 homes by 2031 to meet local demand but is blocked by greenbelt sites reducing development
Rising demand from uni workers and students and no supply massively inflating house prices making it unaffordable to move in (over 11x the annual salary in Oxford)
Many people want to expand into greenfield sites and build affordable housing projects to increase affordability and more people to maintain services while others want to protect the greenfield sites and reduce development to keep their house price high
Some people suggest building high rises to fit more people into one space but long term residents dont want to see the visual appeal of the skyline reduced
case study of challenges in a rural area
Cornwall - low-paid seasonal jobs and an ageing population has led to deprivation
Only main year-long industries in Cornwall were mining (declined) and dairy farming (declined)
Many young people are moving away for better opportunities creating brain drain, and houses ae becoming unaffordable due to strict building regulations and second home owners
3 solutions are:
superfast broadband being introduced which allows people to do remote work easier
newquay aerohub creating 700 permanent skilled jobs in the helicopter and air ambulance industry
eden project - cost 140 million, made 1.1 billion revenue in its first 10 years, provided 600 direct and 3000 indirect (eg suppliers) jobs and encouraged year long tourism instead of seasonal
how to do spearmans rank
rank data 1 and data 2, find difference in all the ranks (eg 9 - 6 = 3), square all the differences then add them up to get d2
1 - (6 x d2) / (n3 - n) gets your r value
compare that to chart provided to see if there is a correlation
how to do chi squared test
The observed data will be provided to you. Work out the expected value with the equation (row of observed total x column of observed total, divided by the total of the whole chart
Use the equation χ2 = ∑(Oi – Ei)2/Ei
which means for each dataset, do the observed value minus the expected value, square your result, then divided it by the expected value. Once you do this for every dataset, add all the numbers you get up and that is x squared
You can then put X2 into a provided significance table, where “d” = (number of rows - 1) x (number of columns - 1) and if it is larger than the value in the significance table it is over that degree of probability
How do you do standard deviation of a set of values
- Find the mean
- For each value do (X - mean) squared, then add them all up
this would look like (A-mean)2 + (B-mean)2 etc
-divide this total by (number of values -1)
find the square root
how to do student t test for ONE sample
t = (m - μ) / (s divided by (square root of n))
where m is the observed mean
where μ is the expected mean
where s is the standard deviation
where n is the sample size
how to do student t test for TWO samples
t = (x̄1 - x̄2) / √(((σ1)² / n1) + √((σ2)² / n2))
where x̄1 is dataset 1 and x̄2 is dataset 2
where σ1 is standard deviation for dataset 1
where σ2 is standard deviation for dataset 2
where n1 is number of values for dataset 1
where n2 is number of values for dataset 2
