Dive Master Exam Flashcards
Mediastinal Emphysema
results when air from lung rupture accumulates in the center of the chest over the heart
Pneumothorax
results from expanding air forcing itself between the lung and the chest wall, collapsing the lung. Symptoms: chest pain, coughing blood, painful breathing
Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE)
Gas bubbles going through arteries can make their way into the bloodstream and block blood flow
Subcutaneous Emphysema
results when air from the rupture accumulates in the soft tissues at the base of the neck. Puts pressure on arteries going into the brain
Symptoms: sensation of fullness around the neck, Restricts blood flow so people get light headed
Lung Over expansion Injuries
Apple Pie Makes Smiles
Arterial Gas embolism, Pneumothorax, Mediastinal emphysema, Subcutaneous emphysema
CNS (Central Nervous System) Oxygen Toxicity
More life threatening, Becomes unacceptable when the PO2 reaches 1.6bar/ata but for rec divers is it 1.4bar/ata. Occurs when someone goes too deep and the partial pressure is too much. Seizures
Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity
When the diver is stays too close to the limits of diving. Such as repeated exposure to PO2s above .5bar/ata
CNS Clock
used by Tec divers in calculating oxygen exposure in Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity
Ear and Sinus Barotrauma
Pressure injury, both squeezes and reverse blocks
Middle Ear Squeeze / Eardrum Rupture
Failure to equalize on the descent, because middle ear hasn’t equalized, pressure forces blood and fluids into the middle ear. Ear feels full / Ear drum ruptures inward can cause vertigo and needs immediate EMS
Round Window Rupture
Long forceful equalization. Inward pressure on the eardrum transfers through the ossicles to press on the oval window, vibrations cannot be transmitted to the cochlea
Sinus Squeeze
most often from diving while congested
Reverse block / Reverse Squeeze
Can happen in ear and sinuses, results when expanding air can’t exit the air space generally from congestion
The Expanding Square
well suited to looking for something lost in the immediate area. Does not require special equipment.
The U-Pattern
search a relatively large area for a medium to large object. Requires compass
Circular Patterns
effective for smaller objects over unobstructed bottom. Requires 2 people
M-Value
maximum tissue pressure allowed in a tissue. When surfacing prevent exceeding acceptable gradient. Lower M-Values when tissue dissolves the gas slowly.
Haldanean Model
This model takes this into account and that’s how dives are planned. Tissues dissolve/absorb gases at different rates.
Gas Narcosis
narcotic effect that gases can cause when breathed under elevated partial pressure PO2
Decompression Illness (DCI)
Overall term that includes both DCS and lung over expansion injuries.
Decompression Sickness (DCS)
when dissolved inert nitrogen (or other gases) comes out of the solution in tissues
Hyperthermia
Too much heat. Symptoms: sweating and increase in pulse
Heat Exhaustion
weak and rapid pulse, profuse perspiration, cool and clammy skin, nausea and weakness.
If not handled can turn into heat stroke
Heat Stroke
Body’s cooling methods have failed resulting in no more sweating, hot/flushed skin and strong rapid pulse
Hypothermia
too little heat in body
Sound and Heat
Water absorbs heat approx. 20x faster than air does
Sound travels more than 4x faster in water than air
Convection
Is a heat transmission assisted by the flow of a fluid. Warm water rises and cooler water descends. Contributes to body cooling while diving
Conduction
Transmission of heat, two solids
Draw out the Dive table
D = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 P = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 V = Full, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5
