DIT Pharmacology

Question 1

An expectorant that removes excess sputum by stimulating the vagus nerve to produce low viscosity secretions. Does not suppress cough reflex.

Answer 1

Guanfenesin

Question 2

Blocks cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking. This is bacteriocidal. Mostly used for gram-positive and syphilis.

Answer 2

Penicillin

Question 3

Inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation; bind to the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic.

Answer 3

Macrolides (Erythromyocin, azithromycin, clarithromycin)

Question 4

Effects of NSAIDs inhibition of PGE2

Answer 4

increase uterine tone
decrease vascular tone
decrease bronchial tone

Question 5

What role do prostaglandins and angiotensin II play on the renal arterioles?

Answer 5

Prostaglandins: dilate afferent arterioles, increasing GFR

Angiotensin II: constricts efferent arteriole, increasing GFR

Question 6

Explain the relationship of Epinephrine and an alpha blocker.

Answer 6

Epinephrine alone: bp rises
Epi with alpha blockade: bp drops
(epi is an alpha and beta blocker)

Question 7

Synthetic agent used both as a pituitary hormone analog and as treatment for von Willebrand disease.

Answer 7

Desmopressin (DDVAP) (synthetic analog of ADH)

Question 8

Inhaled tx of choice for chronic asthma

Answer 8

steroids: fluticasone and budesonide

Question 9

Inhaled tx of choice for acute asthma

Answer 9

fast acting beta agonists: albuterol and levalbuterol

Question 10

narrow therapeutic index, drug of last resort for asthma

Answer 10

theophylline

Question 11

Asthma: blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotriene

Answer 11

zileuton

Question 12

Asthma: inhibits mast cell release of mediators, used for prophylaxis only

Answer 12

Cromolyn

Question 13

Asthma: inhaled tx that blocks muscarinic receptors

Answer 13

Ipratropilem and Tiotropium

Question 14

Asthma: long-acting beta 2 agonist

Answer 14

Salmeterol

Question 15

Asthma: blocks leukotriene

Answer 15

Montelukast and Zafirlukast

Question 16

Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase (rate-limiting step in cholesterol

Answer 16

Statins (ex: lovastatin)

Question 17

Tx for acute gout

Answer 17

NSAIDs (indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, celecoxib)
Glucocorticoids (Prednisone)
Cholchicine (caution: side effect diarrhea)

Question 18

tx for chronic gout

Answer 18

Allopurinal (inhibits xanthine oxidase)
Probenacid (increase excretion of uric acid)
never start allopurinal in acute attacks

Question 19

MOA of local anesthetics

Answer 19

Block sodium channels, thereby preventing nerve firing.
Small fibers are blocked before lg fibers.
Myelinated fibers are blocked before unmyelinated.

Question 20

MOA of cyclosporine

Answer 20

Binds to cyclophilin->inhibits calcineurin->less->IL-2->inhibits T cell growth, differentiation, and activation.
Immunosuppressant for transpland pts, rheuamatoid arthritis, psoariasis, and off label for lupus.

Question 21

Toxicities of vancomycin

Answer 21

Nephrotoxic, ototoxic, thrombophlebitis, diffuse flushing.

Tx: gram positive only (esp, C. dif)

Question 22

A drug that has similar toxicities as vancomycin

Answer 22

Aminoglycosides (gentamycin, neomycin, amikacin, tobramycin, streptomycin).
Tx: severe gram neg rod

Question 23

M1 antagonist (anticholinergic) (antimetic)

Answer 23

Scopolamine

Question 24

Histamine and D2 antagonist (antimetic)

Answer 24

Promethazine

Question 25

D2 receptor antagonist (antimetic)

Answer 25

Prochlorperazine and Metaclopramide(also speeds up gastric timing)

Question 26

Seratonin (5HT3) antagonist (antimetic)

Answer 26

Ondansetron (severe nausea use)

Question 27

Beta lactamase inhibitors that are added to penicillin antibiotics to protect the antibiotic from destruction by beta-lactamase. (Bacteria become resistant against the beta lactam ring that penicillin and cephalosporin have by making a beta lactamase)...little bastards!

Answer 27

Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam

Question 28

Irreversible alpha blocker that decreases bp by decreasing peripheral vasoconstriction. An overdose can lead to hypotensive shock.

Answer 28

Phenoxybenzamine. Normally used prior to surgery of pheochromocytoma.

Question 29

Alpha and beta agonist vs only alpha agonist

Answer 29

Epinephrine vs phenylephrine

Question 30

Treatment for cystinuria

Answer 30

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (acetazolamide, potassium citrate, potassium bicarb). Goal: alkalinize the urine so cystine stays dissolved in the urine

Question 31

Hyperosmolar laxatives MOA

Answer 31

Substances not absorbed, stay in the gut, and draw fluid into the bowel. Ex: Magnesium citrate, polyethylene glycol, lactulose, sorbitol, glycerine

Question 32

4 types of drugs that can be used in Parkinson's Disease

Answer 32

``` Increase dopamine synthesis (levodopa, carbidopa) Prevent dopamine breakdown (selegiline, entacapone, tolcapone) dopamine agonist (bromocriptime, pramipexole, ropinirole) anticholinergic (benzotropine, trihexyphenidyl) ```

Question 33

Lead poisoning tx for kids and adults

Answer 33

Kids: succimer Adults: chelating agents (dimercaprol and EDTA)

Question 34

Side effects of Atropine | hint: nursery rhyme

Answer 34

Hot as a hare (increase temp) Dry as a bone (decrease secretions) Red as a beat (flushing) Blind as a bat (cycloplegia/mydriasis) Mad as a hatter (confusion/ disorientation) Bloated as a toad (constipation/urinary retention)