Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

5 -PATHOLOGYYYY > DISTURBANCE OF GROWTH 7 > Flashcards

DISTURBANCE OF GROWTH 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The
sequence of events
comprising mitosis is

A

cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The S phase
is marked by active synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and occupies about
30-40% of the cycle.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the cell cytoplasm and nuclei become
enlarge and the nucleoli become prominent, and there occur active production of
proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

A

G1 phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

wherein other preparations for cellular division takes place, and occupies another 10-20% of the cycle.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which is the mitotic phase
daughter cells are produced which undergo terminal differentiation and are no longer capable of cellular division.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

These malformations are present at birth and are said
to be congenital.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

suggests a complete failure of that tissue or organ to develop
and is therefore absent

A

Agenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

refers to failure of an organ to reach its normal size.

A

Hypoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

means absence or closure of a normal body opening

A

Atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a implies failure of the tissue or organ to grow and
therefore a rudimentary organ is present

A

Aplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

developmental abnormalities represent growth
abnormalities and these include
-agenesis, aplasia, and hypoplasia.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

are adaptive changes of cells and tissues to various noxious stimuli, particularly those that persist for long periods creating an increase in the functional demand.

A

Acquired abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

implies a reduction in the mass or size of an organ or tissue.

A

Atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the loss of cells is due to apoptosis.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Physiological atrophy Common examples include:
- involution of the thymus as the animal matures,
-the reduction in the mammary glands of males of species,
-the postpartum changes in the uterus, and
-the reduction in fetal structures such as the umbilical vessels and ductus arteriosus.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is also termed as complete atrophy

A

Involution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of pathological atrophy includes the following:

A
  1. Nutritional atrophy
  2. Vascular atrophy
  3. Disuse atrophy
  4. Pressure atrophy –
  5. Endocrine/hormonal atrophy –
  6. Atrophy due to metabolic, neoplastic, or infectious diseases
    (miscellaneous atrophy) –
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pathological atrophy
occurs whenever there is
-Deprivation of blood supply,
-Nutritional requirement, or
-hormonal stimulation as a result of some disease that produces trophic hormone.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

due to inadequate dietary intake or in chronic starvation

A

Nutritional atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

as a result of long-standing ischemia

A

Vascular atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

due to reduced functional activity such as those occurring in paralyzed limbs or those held immobile for some time.

A

Disuse atrophy

14
Q

due to long standing pressure that creates inefficient vascular supply to tissues.

A

Pressure atrophy

15
Q

due to loss of trophic hormones such as that seen in pituitary disease resulting to generalized somatic atrophy.

A

Endocrine/hormonal atrophy –

16
Q

as a result of certain diseases.

A

(miscellaneous atrophy) –

17
Q

Some Classical Example of Atrophy

A
  1. Withered or shrunken limb –
  2. Involution of the normal corpus luteum
  3. Pressure atrophy
  4. Serous atrophy of fat
  5. Disuse atrophy
18
Q

a classic response Of muscle to denervation

A

Withered or shrunken limb –

19
Q

may be considered complete
atrophy.

A

Involution of the normal corpus luteum

20
Q

pressure results in a slow localized loss of cells through degeneration and necrosis, as when and expanding testicular tumor presses on surrounding seminiferous tubules, causing pressure atrophy.

A

Pressure atrophy

20
Q

a very important lesion to recognize during postmortem examination because it is and indication of emaciation.

A

Serous atrophy of fat

20
Q

Limb kept in a cast. Due to inactivity it results to reduction in size of the organ

A

Disuse atrophy

20
Q

is the increase in the
size of the tissue or organ due to an
increase in the size of individual cells.
-occurs only in muscles in response to increased demand for work.

A

Hypertrophy

21
Q

is an increase in
tissue mass or organ size due to an
increase in the number of
constituent cells

A

Hyperplasia

22
Q

Types of hypertrophy and hyperplasia include the following

A
  1. Endocrine
  2. Compensatory
  3. Functional
  4. Replacement
  5. Reactive
  6. Neoplastic
23
Q

especially in paired organ when one is severely damaged, the other will compensate for the lost function, e.g., when one kidney is hypoplastic or surgically removed, the other will enlarge

A

Compensatory

23
Q

following increased hormonal stimulation, as in mammary
gland during lactation

A

Endocrine

24
Q

as part of the repair process, e.g., healing of fractured
bone, and healing of liver defect by regeneration

A

Replacement

24
Q

as a response to increased functional demands, e.g.,
muscles in repeated heavy exercise, and in left ventricular myocardium
following aortic stenosis.

A

Functional

24
Q

in response to chronic irritation or infection, e.g., skin
thickening in mange mite infestation, enlargement of lymph nodes in
infections

A

Reactive

25
Q

– tumors are formed because of localized areas of increase in
cells, and thus, tumors are pathological forms of hyperplasia

A

Neoplastic

26
Q

when the added tissue mass assumes nodules,
e.g., in liver tissue remodeling

A

Nodular hyperplasia

26
Q

the additional cells form abnormal patterns as follows:

A
  1. Nodular hyperplasia
  2. Cystic hyperplasia
  3. Papillary hyperplasia
  4. Adenomatous hyperplasia
27
Q

when they form gland-like mass resembling neoplasm.

A

Adenomatous hyperplasia

27
Q

a is an adaptive response in which one type of mature differentiated
tissue is replaced by a different but related tissue type.

A

Metaplasia

27
Q

form frond like projections, e.g., hyperplasia of lining epithelia of tubular organs

A

Papillary hyperplasia

27
Q

– when they form spaces lined with epithelia, e.g., cystic prostatic hyperplasia

A

Cystic hyperplasia

28
Q

This response is usually
reversible and is most commonly seen as a replacement from a specialized tissue type to a less specialized one but more resistant cell type, e.g., from columnar or transitional epithelia to squamous epithelia.

A
29
Q

occurs following prolonged irritation
or chronic infection such as
that occurring in urinary
stones where the bladder
epithelia is changed, and in
nutritional deficiencies e.g.,
vitamin A deficiency cause
squamous metaplasia of
esophageal glands and prostate gland.

A

Epithelial metaplasia

29
Q

Connective tissue metaplasia on the other hand occurs in association with repair processes (e.g., fibroblast retain their mesenchymal
ability to change into another connective tissue types as bone, cartilage or fibrocartilage).

A
29
Q

Metaplasia does not occur because of alterations in existing mature cells, rather it depends on the proliferation of germinal cells whose progenies undergo
a modified differentiation.

A
30
Q

means “abnormal growth”, it is
used in a more restricted sense
to describe a proliferative
response accompanied by loss
of regular differentiation and by
cellular atypia and tissue
architectural disarray.

A

Dysplasia

31
Q

is characterized
by pleomorphism (variation in size and shape), and hyperchromicity
(increased staining).

A

Cellular atypia

32
Q

commonly observed in epithelia subjected to chronic irritation or
inflammation.

A

Dysplasia

5 -PATHOLOGYYYY (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions