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Science 10 AP: Global Systems > Distribution of Heat > Flashcards

Distribution of Heat Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a system?

A

An object or group of objects being studied.

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2
Q

What are surroundings?

A

Everything else other than the system (the focus being studied).

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3
Q

How are systems classified?

A

Based on how they interact with their surroundings.

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4
Q

What is an open system?

A

Both energy and matter can cross between system and surroundings.

Ex: humans

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5
Q

What is a closed system?

A

Energy can cross boundaries, but matter cannot.

Ex: Sealed glass terrerium, (practically) Earth

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6
Q

What is an isolated system?

A

Neither energy nor matter can cross.

Not real, as nothing is 100% efficient.

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7
Q

What is the biosphere? What is it divided into (3)?

A

Atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere

The air, land, and water that make up the Earth. Where living creatues are found.

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8
Q

What is the atmosphere? Part of biosphere.

A

Layer of air surrounding Earth.

A mixture of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and other gases, extending 800km above the surface of the Earth.

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9
Q

What is the lithosphere? Part of biosphere.

A

The Earth’s crust that forms the continental crust (land) and the ocean floor; the crust and upper mantle.

Varies in thickness 100-200km.

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10
Q

What is the hydrosphere? Part of biosphere.

A

The water on or near the Earth’s surface. Includes oceans, rivers, lakers, underground, and in the atmososphere.

Frozen is included and part of cyrosphere—all frozen water.

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11
Q

What is radiation?

A

A mechanism of energy transfer in which atoms and molecules emit electromagnetic (EMR) waves.

It is the process by which solar energy reaches the earth.

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12
Q

What is conduction?

A

Heat transfer by contact.

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13
Q

What is convection?

A

Heat transfer by fluids.

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14
Q

Name the EMR spectrum.

A

(High energy/frequency and short waves)
Gamma Rays
X-Rays
UV Rays
Visible Light (Blue —> Red)
Infared [Heat]
Microwaves
Radio
(Low energy/frequency and long waves)

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15
Q

What is the radiation budget?

A

The difference between the absorbed incoming solar energy and the emitted rays of the planet. It is balanced on Earth.

  • Balance between incoming and outgoing radiation
  • Energy budget is balanced for Earth as a whole, but certain areas may not be

Earth maintains an energy balance and a temperature balance by radiating as much energy into space as it absorbs from the Sun.

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16
Q

What is albedo?

A

A measure of reflectivity.

Low Albedo: Dark High Albedo: Light

Dark surfaces absorb energy and light sufraces reflect energy.

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17
Q

What are greenhouses gases?

A

Absorb heat (infared radiation) and transmit them back towards the Earth, causing lower atmosphere to remain warm.

We like it cause it keeps temperatures above freezing. Too much is bad. Changes how much heat is trapped.

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18
Q

Explain the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect.

A

As energy reflects off the surface of the Earth and greenhouse gases in the atmoshphere trap that energy, the planet’s kept in a constant temperature range.

Too much GHGs block the lower energy rays (after hitting ground) from going back out.

(It’s high energy coming in so it can get through)

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19
Q

Name the six GHGs.

A
  • Ground-layer Ozone
  • Water Vapour
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Methane
  • Nitrous Oxide
  • Chloroflourocarbons
20
Q

What is climate?

A

A long term trend in temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and precipitation over a period of many years.

We don’t want this “average” to change.

21
Q

What is weather?

A

Temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and precriptation, at ONE PLACE and TIME.

22
Q

Explain the rotation of Earth?

A

Rotation of Earth on its axis results in changes in temperature over day an night.

The annual revolution of the Earth around the Sun creates the changes in seasons due to the Earth’s 23.5 deg tilt on its axis (Angle of Inclination)

23
Q

What causes variations in temperatures and seasons?

A
  • Angle of Inclination
  • Earth’s Curvature
24
Q

What is the angle of inclination?

A

The Earth’s 23.5 deg tilt on its axis. It determines the length of night an day at different latitudes.

At equator (12h/day/night)
Poles (long summer days, long winter nights)

Also, temperature will vary.

25
Q

Explain what the Earth’s curvature causes?

A

Causes solar radiation to be distributed unevenly.

At higher latitudes solar radiation is spread out over a large area (steeper, less intense).
Smaller areas are more direct, and thus, a smaller concentrated area.

26
Q

What are the three major climate zones?

A
  • Tropical (same all year essentially)
  • Temperate (seasonal variation)
  • Polar
27
Q

(change this one to review) What is the Water Cycle driven by?

A

The Sun

Precipitation —> (Heat/Energy in) Evaporation/Transpiration —> (Heat/energy out) Condensation —> cont…

Water’s high heat capaity/and rate of fusion makes it good at transferring heat.

28
Q

What do oceans cause to climate?

A

Water has a low albedo, allowing it to absorb almost 90% of the energy that strikes it.

Combined with a high specific heat capacity and heats of vaporization and fusion, the oceans change temperatures much more slowly than the atmosphere and land. Stable climate.

Large heat resovirs.

29
Q

What are ocean currents?

A

Surface winds that allow for the circulations of water from the tropics to polar regions, distributing solar heat and nutrients (temperature gradient).

They cause heat differences, such as NA and Asia same latitudes.

(Cold better at holding gases, so warm/cold intersections = lots of life)

30
Q

What is El Nino?

A
  • Every 3-7 yrs
  • A disruption of the ocean atmosphere system
  • Winds over Pacific Ocean changes, raising surface temperatures of the ocean
  • Reversal of system, changing where water/energy goes
  • Warm goes East to NA (Dry and warm)
31
Q

What is La Nina?

A

Opposite of El Nino
- Increases in wind strength cools ocean

  • Cool, wet, winters in NA
32
Q

What does warm air carry?

A

Moisture.

33
Q

What are prevailing winds?

A

Winds in an area typically move in the same direction.

34
Q

How are winds named?

A

From the direction they originate from.

Ex: “Westerlies” come from the West

35
Q

What are convection currents?

A

Convection: heat transfer in fluid—atmosphere

Warm air at the equator rises and moves towards poles. Cold air from the poles flows down to replace the rising warm air, creating a convection current. Air does not make it all the way from equator to pole, however, creating cells of circulating air.

H.P. > concentration gradient > L.P.
^ v
hot cold air
rises sinks
^ v
L.P. < pressure dif, surface winds < H.P.

Then, this reverses when it hits the different temperate airmasses. Air from all around moves to the low pressure zone.
North Polar: CCW
North Temperate: CW
North Tropical: CCW

36
Q

What are the doldrums?

A

Wind moves up, so ships don’t move near equator.

37
Q

What is the Coriolis Effect?

A

Large weather systems appear to veer sideways as they move from the equator because the Earth is rotating.

Ground under convection currents is rotating, so air curves E->W (sideways)

38
Q

What are jet streams?

A

Currents of fast moving air (10-15km above the Earth’s surface) that occur at the boundary of warm/cold air masses.

Large influences to AB as we are between temperate and polar.

39
Q

What do air masses dicatate?

A

Weather

40
Q

What has a significant impact on air movement and global distribution of heat?

A

Mountains and oceans.

Mountains causes air masses to move up, as rising air cools and loses moisture, while descending air warms and picks up moisture.

Oceans have a high heat capacity, heat of fusion/vaporization.

41
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a gram of a substance by 1 deg C.

Temperature change, as heat causes speed up of particles (Ek). Units are J/g deg C.

42
Q

What are the units for specific heat capacity?

A

Q = mcΔT

Q = amount of heat in Joules (J or kJ)
m = mass in grams (g or kg)
c = specific heat capacity (J/g deg c or kJ/kg deg C)
ΔT = Tf - Ti = change in temperature (deg C)

43
Q

What is the heat of fusion and heat of vaporaization?

A

Not associated with a temperature change, but a state/phase change. Energy added is used to overcome bonding between the water molecules, rather than to raise temperature.

Change in Ep—speed of molecules does not change (temp).

44
Q

What is the heat of fusion?

A

Energy required to convert 1 mole of a substance from a solid to a liquid.

Melting is endothermic (+Q) (requires energy)
Freezing is exothermic (-Q)
ex: fridge, snow=temp up

45
Q

What is the heat of vaporization?

A

Energy required to convert 1 mole of a substance from a liquid to a gas.

Evaporation is endothermic (+Q) (requires energy)
Condensation is exothermic (-Q)

ex: steam burns = bad, water coolant, sweating

46
Q

What are the units for the heat of fusion and vaporization?

A

Q = nΔH

Q = Amount of heat (kJ)
ΔHfus = Heat of fusion (kJ/mol)
ΔHvap = Heat of vaporization (kJ/mol)
n = number of moles (mol)

47
Q

Why are steam burns worse than liquid burns?

A

When steam comes into contact with your skin, it condenses back into water. This process releases the energy that was absorbed during vaporization. Because steam contains more energy than boiling water at the same temperature, it transfers more heat/energy to the skin upon contact.

Science 10 AP: Global Systems (3 decks)

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