distinctive landscapes Flashcards
What are the upplands landscape features?
Pyramidal peaks, dramatic mountains and peak, corries and tarns, v-shaped valley, stone walls between fields
What is the climate in the upland area?
Cold temperature + high rainfall
What are human uses for upland?
Quarrying for stones like slate, sheep farming on mountain slopes and tourism !
What type of rock do lowland areas have?
Lowland areas tend to have younger and softer sedimentary rocks like chalk and clay.
What are the lowland landscape features?
Scarp and vale landscapes Dry valleys Spring line settlements where permeable cha;lk meets impermeable clay Hedgerows between fields Gentle rolling hills
What is the climate in the lowland area?
Mild temperatures
What are the human uses for the lowland?
Paragliding, arable farming on clay soils
What is igneous rock?
Volcanic rock made from moltenj ,aterial from inside the Earth.Cools to form solid rock, whether on, or below the ground surface eg. basalt and granite. Found across Scotland + Northern Ireland - Upland Britain
What is sedimentary rock?
MAde of broken fragments worn down by weathering and then deposited in layers. Often underwater eg. limestone and chalk
What is metamorphic rock?
Rock that is folded and distorted by heat and pressure eg. slate +marble - mostly formed in Scotland - much harder than sedimentary rock
Where are glaciated landscapes?
Mostly North of the Tees Line - in upland areas
What are glaciated landscape features?
Tarns Corrie Aretes Pyramidal peaks Dry valleys formed when permafrost thaws out and chalk becomes permeable again. Rainwater moves into chalk and no longer flows over the surface. River disappears , leaving a dry valley on the surface.
What is weathering?
Breakdown of rocks in their original place (the rocks do not move they get worn away from where they are)
What is mechanical weathering - freeze thaw weathering?
Day - water collects in cracks in the rock
Night - temperatures fall, water freezes + expands to form ice. Cracks are en;arged
Repeated freezing and thawing makes crack larger
Day/Night - rock fragments break off + collect as scree at the foot of rock face
What is chemical weathering?
Chemical weathering is a chemical reaction between the rock and acidic rainwater
- results in limestone pavement.
Rainwater picks up CO2 from the air
Rainwater becomes a weak carbonic acid
Acidic rainwater reacts with calcium carbonate to form calcium bicarbonate which the dissolves rocks
What is biological weathering?
Caused by plants/animals. Tree roots can force their ways into rocks, splitting them apart. Smaller plants like mosses grow on the surface of the rock, slowly making it crumble/. ANimals burrow into softer rocks - effective at growing + expanding in cracks in rocks.
What is traction
Where heavy rocks + boulders are rolled along the river bed
What is saltation?
Where small stones + pebbles are bounced along the river bed
What is solution?
Where material is dissolved in the water = usually acidic and takes little energy.
What is suspension?
Where very small particles of sand/clay are suspended in the water.
What is mass movement?
Downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity
What are rock slides?
A section of rock breaks away on a fault line and slides down pulled by gravity
What is slumping?
On soft cliffs when water gets into cracks and the base of the cliff moves large sections of material slump down
What is deposition?
When material is left behind, eg. when a river loses its energy and is unable to carry its energy and is unable to carry its land any further/waves move sand onto a beach but lack energy to carry it away.
