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distinctive landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the upplands landscape features?

A

Pyramidal peaks, dramatic mountains and peak, corries and tarns, v-shaped valley, stone walls between fields

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2
Q

What is the climate in the upland area?

A

Cold temperature + high rainfall

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3
Q

What are human uses for upland?

A

Quarrying for stones like slate, sheep farming on mountain slopes and tourism !

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4
Q

What type of rock do lowland areas have?

A

Lowland areas tend to have younger and softer sedimentary rocks like chalk and clay.

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5
Q

What are the lowland landscape features?

A 
Scarp and vale landscapes
Dry valleys
Spring line settlements where permeable cha;lk meets impermeable clay
Hedgerows between fields
Gentle rolling hills
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6
Q

What is the climate in the lowland area?

A

Mild temperatures

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7
Q

What are the human uses for the lowland?

A

Paragliding, arable farming on clay soils

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8
Q

What is igneous rock?

A

Volcanic rock made from moltenj ,aterial from inside the Earth.Cools to form solid rock, whether on, or below the ground surface eg. basalt and granite. Found across Scotland + Northern Ireland - Upland Britain

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9
Q

What is sedimentary rock?

A

MAde of broken fragments worn down by weathering and then deposited in layers. Often underwater eg. limestone and chalk

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10
Q

What is metamorphic rock?

A

Rock that is folded and distorted by heat and pressure eg. slate +marble - mostly formed in Scotland - much harder than sedimentary rock

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11
Q

Where are glaciated landscapes?

A

Mostly North of the Tees Line - in upland areas

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12
Q

What are glaciated landscape features?

A 
Tarns 
Corrie
Aretes
Pyramidal peaks
Dry valleys formed when permafrost thaws out and chalk becomes permeable again. Rainwater moves into chalk and no longer flows over the surface. River disappears , leaving a dry valley on the surface.
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13
Q

What is weathering?

A

Breakdown of rocks in their original place (the rocks do not move they get worn away from where they are)

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14
Q

What is mechanical weathering - freeze thaw weathering?

A

Day - water collects in cracks in the rock
Night - temperatures fall, water freezes + expands to form ice. Cracks are en;arged
Repeated freezing and thawing makes crack larger
Day/Night - rock fragments break off + collect as scree at the foot of rock face

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15
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Chemical weathering is a chemical reaction between the rock and acidic rainwater
- results in limestone pavement.
Rainwater picks up CO2 from the air
Rainwater becomes a weak carbonic acid
Acidic rainwater reacts with calcium carbonate to form calcium bicarbonate which the dissolves rocks

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16
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Caused by plants/animals. Tree roots can force their ways into rocks, splitting them apart. Smaller plants like mosses grow on the surface of the rock, slowly making it crumble/. ANimals burrow into softer rocks - effective at growing + expanding in cracks in rocks.

17
Q

What is traction

A

Where heavy rocks + boulders are rolled along the river bed

18
Q

What is saltation?

A

Where small stones + pebbles are bounced along the river bed

19
Q

What is solution?

A

Where material is dissolved in the water = usually acidic and takes little energy.

20
Q

What is suspension?

A

Where very small particles of sand/clay are suspended in the water.

21
Q

What is mass movement?

A

Downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

22
Q

What are rock slides?

A

A section of rock breaks away on a fault line and slides down pulled by gravity

23
Q

What is slumping?

A

On soft cliffs when water gets into cracks and the base of the cliff moves large sections of material slump down

24
Q

What is deposition?

A

When material is left behind, eg. when a river loses its energy and is unable to carry its energy and is unable to carry its land any further/waves move sand onto a beach but lack energy to carry it away.

25
Q

What does the rate of erosion depend on?

A

Geology of the coast

Strength and type of waves

26
Q

What does the wave energy depend on?

A

Fetch, strength of wind and distance over which the wind has blown

27
Q

Characteristics of a destructive wave?

A 
High waves
Strong backwash
Weak swash
Erode material
Long fetch
28
Q

Characteristics of a constructive wave?

A

Shallow waves
Weak backwash
Strong swash
Deposit material

29
Q

How are cracks formed?

A

Lines of weakness such as faults occur in headlands

30
Q

How do caves form?

A

When waves force their ways into cracks in the cliff face. Water contains sand + other materials that grind away at the rock until the cracks become a cave. Hydraulic action is the predominant process.

31
Q

How do arches form?

A

If the cave is formed in headland, it may eventually break through the other side forming an arch.

32
Q

How do stacks form

A

The arch will gradually become bigger until it can no longer support the top. When the arch collapses, it leaves the hedland on one side and a stack ( a tall column of rock) on the other.

33
Q

How do stumps form?

A

The stack will be attacked at the base in the same way that a wave cut notch is formed. This weakens the structure and it will eventually collapse to form a stump.

34
Q

How are stacks formed? (crack - stack)

A

First cracks in the headlands occur - these are faults
Huge amounts of hydraulic action, abrasion + solution affects the headland which forces water into the faults.
This water contains sediment which erodes away at the hard rock until it eventually becomes a cave.
This cave will then become an arch which would go through the other side
Arch will eventually become bigger through the process of of erosion until it can no longer support its weight + collapse
This leaves the headland on one side + and a stack ( a tall column of rock) on the other side

35
Q

How do headlands + bays form?

A

Form on a discordant coastline

geography (3 decks)

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