distinctive landscapes

Question 1

What are the upplands landscape features?

Answer 1

Pyramidal peaks, dramatic mountains and peak, corries and tarns, v-shaped valley, stone walls between fields

Question 2

What is the climate in the upland area?

Answer 2

Cold temperature + high rainfall

Question 3

What are human uses for upland?

Answer 3

Quarrying for stones like slate, sheep farming on mountain slopes and tourism !

Question 4

What type of rock do lowland areas have?

Answer 4

Lowland areas tend to have younger and softer sedimentary rocks like chalk and clay.

Question 5

What are the lowland landscape features?

Answer 5

Scarp and vale landscapes
Dry valleys
Spring line settlements where permeable cha;lk meets impermeable clay
Hedgerows between fields
Gentle rolling hills

Question 6

What is the climate in the lowland area?

Answer 6

Mild temperatures

Question 7

What are the human uses for the lowland?

Answer 7

Paragliding, arable farming on clay soils

Question 8

What is igneous rock?

Answer 8

Volcanic rock made from moltenj ,aterial from inside the Earth.Cools to form solid rock, whether on, or below the ground surface eg. basalt and granite. Found across Scotland + Northern Ireland - Upland Britain

Question 9

What is sedimentary rock?

Answer 9

MAde of broken fragments worn down by weathering and then deposited in layers. Often underwater eg. limestone and chalk

Question 10

What is metamorphic rock?

Answer 10

Rock that is folded and distorted by heat and pressure eg. slate +marble - mostly formed in Scotland - much harder than sedimentary rock

Question 11

Where are glaciated landscapes?

Answer 11

Mostly North of the Tees Line - in upland areas

Question 12

What are glaciated landscape features?

Answer 12

Tarns 
Corrie
Aretes
Pyramidal peaks
Dry valleys formed when permafrost thaws out and chalk becomes permeable again. Rainwater moves into chalk and no longer flows over the surface. River disappears , leaving a dry valley on the surface.

Question 13

What is weathering?

Answer 13

Breakdown of rocks in their original place (the rocks do not move they get worn away from where they are)

Question 14

What is mechanical weathering - freeze thaw weathering?

Answer 14

Day - water collects in cracks in the rock
Night - temperatures fall, water freezes + expands to form ice. Cracks are en;arged
Repeated freezing and thawing makes crack larger
Day/Night - rock fragments break off + collect as scree at the foot of rock face

Question 15

What is chemical weathering?

Answer 15

Chemical weathering is a chemical reaction between the rock and acidic rainwater
- results in limestone pavement.
Rainwater picks up CO2 from the air
Rainwater becomes a weak carbonic acid
Acidic rainwater reacts with calcium carbonate to form calcium bicarbonate which the dissolves rocks

Question 16

What is biological weathering?

Answer 16

Caused by plants/animals. Tree roots can force their ways into rocks, splitting them apart. Smaller plants like mosses grow on the surface of the rock, slowly making it crumble/. ANimals burrow into softer rocks - effective at growing + expanding in cracks in rocks.

Question 17

What is traction

Answer 17

Where heavy rocks + boulders are rolled along the river bed

Question 18

What is saltation?

Answer 18

Where small stones + pebbles are bounced along the river bed

Question 19

What is solution?

Answer 19

Where material is dissolved in the water = usually acidic and takes little energy.

Question 20

What is suspension?

Answer 20

Where very small particles of sand/clay are suspended in the water.

Question 21

What is mass movement?

Answer 21

Downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

Question 22

What are rock slides?

Answer 22

A section of rock breaks away on a fault line and slides down pulled by gravity

Question 23

What is slumping?

Answer 23

On soft cliffs when water gets into cracks and the base of the cliff moves large sections of material slump down

Question 24

What is deposition?

Answer 24

When material is left behind, eg. when a river loses its energy and is unable to carry its energy and is unable to carry its land any further/waves move sand onto a beach but lack energy to carry it away.

Question 25

What does the rate of erosion depend on?

Answer 25

Geology of the coast

Strength and type of waves

Question 26

What does the wave energy depend on?

Answer 26

Fetch, strength of wind and distance over which the wind has blown

Question 27

Characteristics of a destructive wave?

Answer 27

High waves
Strong backwash
Weak swash
Erode material
Long fetch

Question 28

Characteristics of a constructive wave?

Answer 28

Shallow waves
Weak backwash
Strong swash
Deposit material

Question 29

How are cracks formed?

Answer 29

Lines of weakness such as faults occur in headlands

Question 30

How do caves form?

Answer 30

When waves force their ways into cracks in the cliff face. Water contains sand + other materials that grind away at the rock until the cracks become a cave. Hydraulic action is the predominant process.

Question 31

How do arches form?

Answer 31

If the cave is formed in headland, it may eventually break through the other side forming an arch.

Question 32

How do stacks form

Answer 32

The arch will gradually become bigger until it can no longer support the top. When the arch collapses, it leaves the hedland on one side and a stack ( a tall column of rock) on the other.

Question 33

How do stumps form?

Answer 33

The stack will be attacked at the base in the same way that a wave cut notch is formed. This weakens the structure and it will eventually collapse to form a stump.

Question 34

How are stacks formed? (crack - stack)

Answer 34

First cracks in the headlands occur - these are faults
Huge amounts of hydraulic action, abrasion + solution affects the headland which forces water into the faults.
This water contains sediment which erodes away at the hard rock until it eventually becomes a cave.
This cave will then become an arch which would go through the other side
Arch will eventually become bigger through the process of of erosion until it can no longer support its weight + collapse
This leaves the headland on one side + and a stack ( a tall column of rock) on the other side

Question 35

How do headlands + bays form?

Answer 35

Form on a discordant coastline