Dissociative Disorders p. 291 Flashcards
What Characterizes Dissociative disorders?
Dissociative disorders are characterized by: disruption/ and/or discontinuity of the integration of memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior.
How are dissociative symptoms experienced?
Dissociative symptoms are experienced as:
a: unbidden intrusions into awareness and behavior w/losses of continuity in subjective experience (“positive” dissociative symptoms)
b: inability to access information or to control mental functions that normally are readily accessible or controllable (“negative” dissociative symptoms)
- Give an example for “positive dissociative symptoms
2. Give an example for “negative” dissociative symptoms
- Positive symptoms: fragmentation of identity, depersonalization, and derealization
- Negative symptoms: amnesia
To which disorders are dissociative disorders and/or similar symptoms closely related to and frequently found?
Dissociative disorders and/or similar symptoms are frequently found, but are not a part of, trauma- and stressor-related disorders.
How is “Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder” characteristics experienced?
“Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder” characteristics are experienced by:
- Clinically significant persistent or recurrent depersonalization such as unreality or detachment from one’s mind, self, or body, and/or
- Derealization such as experiences of unreality or detachment from one’s surroundings.
How is “Dissociative Amnesia” characterized/experienced?
“Dissociative Amnesia” is not consistent with normal forgetting. It is characterized/experienced by an inability to recall autobiographical information. It may be:
- Localized: such as loss of memory of an event or period of time
- Selective: Not remembering a specific aspect of an event, or
- Generalized: Memory loss of own identity and life hisotry
How is “Dissociative Identity Disorder” characterized?
“Dissociative Identity Disorder” is characterized by:
a: The presence of two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession
b: recurrent episodes of amnesia.
How is “Dissociative Identity Disorder” experienced?
Stress can exacerbate dissociative symptoms, making them more evident.
“Dissociative Identity Disorder” is experienced by:
a: recurrent, inexplicable intrusions into conscious functioning and sense of self such as: hearing voices; dissociated actions and speech, intrusive thoughts, emotions, and impulses
b: alterations of sense of self such as with attitudes, preferences, and feeling like one’s body or actions are not one’s own
c: odd changes of perception such as feeling detached from one’s body while cutting
d: Intermittent functional neurological symptoms
What are the seven examples of the residual category of “Other Specified Dissociative Disorder?”
- Chronic or recurrent mixed symptoms that fall short of criteria for dissociative identity disorder
- Dissociative states secondary to brainwashing or thought reform;
- Two acute presentations, less 1 month duration, of mixed symptoms, one marked by psychotic symptoms;
- Single symptom - dissociative trance
- Single symptom - dissociative stupor
- Single symptom - dissociative coma
- Ganser’s Syndrome (the giving of approximate and vague answers)
Give the criteria A & B for “Dissociative Identity Disorder”
A. Disruption of identity characterized by 2 or more distinct personality states, which may be described in some cultures as an experience of possession Disruption involves marked discontinuity in sense of self and sense of agency, accompanied by related alterations in affect, behavior, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, and/or sensory-motor functioning. Signs and symptoms may be observed by others or reported by the individual.
B. Recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information, and/or traumatic events that are inconsistent with ordinary forgetting.
Give the criteria C thru E for “Dissociative Identity Disorder”
C. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
D. the disturbance in not a normal part of a broadly accepted cultural or religious practice. (Note: In children, the symptoms are not better explained by imaginary playmates or other fantasy play)
E. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition.
What are the Differential Diagnoses for Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Differential Diagnosis:
- Other specified Dissociative Disorder
- Major depressive disorder
- Bipolar Disorders
- PTSD
- Psychotic Disorders
- Substance/medication-induced disorders
- Personality Disorders.
- Conversion Disorder
- Seizure Disorders
- Factitious Disorder and Malingering
Give Criteria A & B for Dissociative Amnesia
Criteria A & B for Dissociative Amnesia:
A. An inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting.
Note: Most often is localized or selective amnesia for a specific event or events; or generalized amnesia for identity and life history.
B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Give Criteria C & D for Dissociative Amnesia
Criteria C & D for Dissociative Amnesia:
C. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or a neurological or other medical condition.
D. The disturbance is not better explained by dissociative identity disorder, PTSD, Acute Stress Disorder, Somatic Symptom disorder, or Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder.
With Dissociative Fugue: Apparently purposeful travel or bewildered wandering that is associated with amnesia for identity or for other important autobiographical information.
What is the duration of Dissociative Amnesia?
Duration of Dissociative Amnesia may be sudden and last from minutes to decades. May be episodic which resolves rapidly or persists for long periods of time.
