Dispositional Theory: Big Five Flashcards
How many factors do researchers agree make up the structure of personality?
What type of trait?
Researchers believe 5 supertraits adequately make up the structure of personality
What is the lexical hypothesis?
What did Cattell produce? How? (What work did he review)
Who also reviews Allports and Odberts list? What did they try to reproduce? We’re they successful? What did they produce?
Did research in the structure of personality support the 5 factor theory? Who reviews the research? What did the argue? What traits make up the Big Five? (WAILP)
The lexical hypothesis states that important individual differences are encoded in single terms
Cattell produced the 16PF by factor analysising the list of 4500 traits formed by Allport and Odbert
Fiske 1994: analysed the list of 4500 traits as well but could not reproduce the 16 factors. Instead he published the 5 factor solution
Goldberg 1981: reviewed the researches on the structure of personality (many proved the 5 factor theory) and he made an arguement of (in the English language) their personality descriptors of the Big Five factors of personality: love, power, work, affect and intellect
Saucier and Goldberg 2001
Why is the lexical approach to studying the five factor structure an emic approach to research (focus on)
What is the emic approach contrasted with? ( what does this approach use? language)
What does Goldberg state that the eptic approach replicates? emic approach has more?
Eptic approach produces measures of personality across?
Emic approaches produces measures of personality within?
Why is the emic approach to finding the universal structure of personality more beneficial? (focus on?)
The investigation of whether or not the lexical approach , studying the five factor structure, is universally applicable is an emic approach to research (focuses on one culture). This is because researchers use personality terms found in the native language of the country ( again focusing on one culture) and contrast it with the etic approach which uses personality questionnaires translated from another language ( tends to be English)
Goldberg 2001: etic approaches replicate the five factor structure ( cross cultural differences)
Emic approaches have more variability
Measures in personality across cultures vs measures of personality within a culture
Therefore there is a sole focus on the terms of personality traits exppressed in only one language/culture (there is no cross cultural focus)
Therefore more studies need to focus on studying cross cultural differences in personality trait use using the emic approach ( as it fully focuses on one culture and their terms for personality traits rather than focusing of cross cultural differences) in searching for the universal structure of personality.
To address this issue of more focus needed to be one individual cultures descriptions of personality traits ( emic approach to research) Goldberg et al produce adjective scales to measure the 5 factors and personality scales for measuring them.
Emic approach to research: fully studies one culture no cross cultural focus
Etic approach to research: studies cross cultural differences
Who argued there were 5 factors that made up personality? Who did they analyse?
Who argued that there we five major personality features described in the English language? What did they term this as? What we’re the descriptors?
Who were the most influential researchers in the big five? What did their solution become known as?
What is the important thing to remember about five factor research? (What drives the research? Compared to)
How did Costa and McCrae measure personality?
What are the big five factors?
Fiske: argued there were five factors that made up personality after not being able to replicate Cattell 16PF from Allport and Odberts list of 4500 personality traits
Goldberg- reviews data of five factor theory and argued the big five model
Five major features of personality described in the English language
The most influential researchers in promoting the five factor model are Costa and McCrae- their solution became known as the Bid Five model
IMPORTANT: five factor research is data driven not theory driven like most studies
Costa and McCrae 1992: measured personality with their neuroticism, extraversion, openness personality inventory NEO-PI-R
The Big Five Factors are Openess, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism (Ocean)
What kind of model of personality does the lexical approach produce? What does it confirm? (Theory)
What kind of model does it not produce?
Lexical approach produces descriptive models of personality that confirm the five factor theory it does not produce explanatory models.
What does the lexical approach do? (Confirm existence of)
What type of studies collected data should be compared?
What kind of model can this lead to ( what model is not produced by lexical approach)
Linking difference to?
Lexical approaches confirm the existence of the five factor model. So if data from emic studies are compared this may lead to an explanatory model linking the differences to cultural practices
What are the factors of the big five?
What is there within each dimension of the big five?
Traits that cluster together in each dimension of the big 5 are included in? (what theorist is most importnt in research of the big five, what was their model?)
What kind of scores do participants receive?
OCEAN = big five
Within each dimension of the big five there are more specific attributes that cluster together
Traits that cluster together within each dimension is included in Costa and McCraes 1992 NEO-PI-R. Participants receive category scores for each factor in the big five
What did the lexical approaches lead to? ( attempts to categorize what, that made up))
What are personality traits made up of?
The lexical approach led to researchers attempting to categorise the most important personality traits that made up the structure of personality ( ie a dimension is made up of specific traits that are categorised by their similarity to make up the dimension)
What kind of method is factor analysis?
What is factor analysed? To uncover what structure?
What have recent researchers found the existence of in relation to the big five?
Factor analysis is a statistical analysis
Trait lists are factor analysed to uncover the underlying structure of attitudes and behaviour (personality)
Recent researches in to factors of personality are arguing the existence of a sixth personality factor
Within each dimension of the big five what are there? Term?
Where are these terms included
More specific traits (facets) that cluster together contributing to a category score
Facets included in the NEO-PI-R- (1992)
Eg oppenness = trait scores on fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas and values
More specific = more likely to predict behaviour
