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BIOL 300 > Displaying Data > Flashcards

Displaying Data Flashcards

1
Q

how to draw a good graph (4)

A
  • show the data
  • make patterns in the data easy to see (avoid unnecessary clutter)
  • represent magnitudes honestly (have a baseline)
  • draw graphical elements clearly (appropriate font and text size)
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2
Q

frequency and frequency distribution (2)

A
  • frequency: number of observations having a particular measurement in a sample
  • frequency distribution: number of occurrences for all values in the data
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3
Q

relative frequency

A
  • proportion of observations having a given measurement, calculated as the frequency divided by the total number of observations
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4
Q

relative frequency distribution

A
  • proportion/fraction of occurrences of each value in a data set
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5
Q

frequency table (2)

A
  • text display of the number of occurrences of each category in a data set
  • categorical data for one variable
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6
Q

bar graph (2)

A
  • uses the height of rectangular bars to display frequency distribution (or relative frequency distribution)
  • categorical data for one variable
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7
Q

how to make a good bar graph (6)

A
  • the bars must have equal widths to represent magnitude correctly
  • baseline of y-axis is at 0
  • bars should stand apart, spaces between bars
  • nominal data: order categories based on frequency of occurrence
  • ordinal data: present values in natural order
  • total # of observations (n) in figure legend
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8
Q

bar graph vs pie chart (2)

A
  • bar graph is usually better than a pie chart

- more difficult to compare frequencies, supplementary labelling required

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9
Q

histogram (3)

A
  • uses area of rectangular bars to display the frequency distribution (or relative frequency distribution)
  • data values split into consecutive bins/intervals of equal width
  • used for single numerical variable
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10
Q

mode

A
  • interval corresponding to the highest peak in the frequency distribution
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11
Q

bimodal

A
  • frequency distribution having two distinct peaks
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12
Q

symmetric

A
  • frequency distribution having frequencies on the left half of the histogram mirror the frequencies on the right half
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13
Q

skewed

A
  • frequency distribution that is not symmetric for a numerical value
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14
Q

uniform

A
  • frequency distribution having level frequency distribution (all frequencies are around the same range)
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15
Q

outliers

A
  • observation well outside of the range of values of other observations in a data set
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16
Q

how to draw a good histogram (6)

A
  • each bar must rise from baseline of 0
  • no spaces between each bar
  • “left closed” intervals: value 70 falls into the interval 70-72 rather than 68-70
  • number of intervals should best show patterns and exceptions in the data
  • use readable numbers for breakpoints (0.5 rather than 0.486)
  • include total number of individuals in legend
17
Q

contingency table (2)

A
  • used for multiple associated categorical variables

- gives the frequency of occurrence of all combinations of 2+ categorial variables

18
Q

grouped bar graph (3)

A
  • uses height of rectangular bars to display frequency distributions of 2+ categorical variables
  • different categories of response variable are indicated by different colours
  • bars are grouped by category of the explanatory variable treatment
19
Q

mosaic plot (3)

A
  • area of rectangles to display relative frequency occurrence of all combinations of 2 categorical values
  • bar area and height indicate the relative frequencies of the responses
  • width of each vertical stack is proportional to the number of observations in that group
19
Q

mosaic plot (3)

A
  • area of rectangles to display relative frequency occurrence of all combinations of 2 categorical values
  • bar area and height indicate the relative frequencies of the responses
  • width of each vertical stack is proportional to the number of observations in that group
20
Q

scatter plot (3)

A
  • graphical display of two numerical values where each observation is represented as a point on a graph with two axes
  • position on x-axis indicates measurement of explanatory variable
  • position on y-axis indicates measurement of response variable
21
Q

positive association

A
  • points tend to run from lower left to upper right
22
Q

negative association

A
  • points tend to run from upper left to lower right
23
Q

absent association

A
  • no discernible pattern in points
24
Q

strip chart

A
  • graphical display of a numerical variable and a categorical variable in which each observation is represented as a dot
25
Q

violin plot

A
  • graph that shows approximation of frequency distribution of a numerical variable in each group and its mirror image, association between numerical and categorical
25
Q

violin plot

A
  • graph that shows approximation of frequency distribution of a numerical variable in each group and its mirror image, association between numerical and categorical
26
Q

line graph (2)

A
  • uses dots connected by line segments to display trends over time in a summary measurement, such as mean, or other ordered series
  • steepness of line segment reflects speed of change between values
27
Q

map

A
  • spatial equivalent of the line graph, using colour gradient to display a numerical response variable at multiple locations on a surface
  • explanatory variable: location in space
28
Q

how to make a good table (3)

A
  • make patterns in the data easy to see (avoid clutter and arrange values to facilitate pattern detection)
  • represent magnitudes honestly (intervals of equal width)
  • draw table elements clearly (labels, units)
29
Q

what graph do you use for categorical data?

A
  • bar graph
30
Q

what graph do you use for numerical data?

A
  • histogram
31
Q

what graph do you use for multiple numerical values? (2)

A
  • scatter plot

- line graph

32
Q

what graph do you use for multiple categorical variables? (3)

A
  • grouped bar graph
  • mosaic plot
  • contingency table
33
Q

what graph do you use for one numerical variable and one categorical variable? (4)

A
  • multiple histograms
  • cumulative frequency diagrams
  • violin plot/box plot (categorical explanatory, numerical response)
  • strip chart (categorical explanatory, numerical response)

BIOL 300 (7 decks)

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