Dispensing to special populations

Question 1

What are key medication considerations for older patients?

Answer 1

Polypharmacy: Risk of drug interactions (e.g., NSAIDs + anticoagulants).

Altered PK/PD: Reduced renal/hepatic function → dose adjustments (e.g., gabapentin).

Sensory/cognitive barriers: Simplify regimens (e.g., once-daily dosing).

Example: Avoid anticholinergics (e.g., diphenhydramine) due to delirium risk.

Question 2

What challenges exist in HIV/AIDS pharmacotherapy?

Answer 2

Complex regimens: HAART adherence (e.g., 95%+ adherence required).

Drug interactions: Protease inhibitors with CYP3A4 substrates (e.g., rifampin).

Opportunistic infections: Prophylaxis (e.g., Bactrim for PCP).

Example: Drug resistance from missed doses.

Question 3

What are risks with psychotropic medications?

Answer 3

Sedation/falls: Benzodiazepines in elderly.

Metabolic effects: Atypical antipsychotics → weight gain.

Adherence barriers: Paranoia, stigma (e.g., skipping SSRIs).

Example: Lithium requires regular serum monitoring.

Question 4

How to optimize care for patients with low health literacy?

Answer 4

Simplify instructions: Use visuals, avoid jargon.

Teach-back method: “Can you show me how you’ll take this?”

Dosing aids: Pill organizers, alarms.

Example: Labeling “Take with breakfast” vs. “Take once daily.”