Disorders of Tissue Masses

Question 1

Atrophy

Answer 1

Decrease in cell size or tissue mass after normal growth has been achieved
REVERSIBLE

Question 2

Physiologic atrophy

Answer 2

Involution of lymphoid tissue
Cyclic changes to the reproductive tract
Involution of reproductive tract

Question 3

Pathologic atrophy

Answer 3

Decreased workload
Loss of innervation
Decreased blood supply
loss of endocrine stimulation
Obstruction of secretory rainage ducts
Inadequate nutrition

Question 4

Abiotrophy

Answer 4

Generally programmed, premature, or accelerated degeneration of mature cell types, causing atrophy of affective organ or tissue (probably due to inherited intrinsic metabolic defect)

Question 5

Metaplasia

Answer 5

Transformation of mature differentiated cell type into another
REVERSIBLE

Question 6

Physiological/Pathological hypertrophy

Answer 6

1. Increase in tissue mass due to increase in cell size (increased size of the organells)
2. Increased metabolic demand
3. Metabolic failure due to insufficient supply of O2 and Nutrients

Question 7

Physiological/pathological hyperplasia

Answer 7

Increase in tissue mass due to increased cell number

Question 8

Dysplasia

Answer 8

Congenital: Abnormal development resulting in disorganisation of cells and hence architectural distortion of tissue or organ

Mild/moderate dysplasia = generally low cancer risk
Severe dysplasia = Generally high risk of cancer

Question 9

Agenesis

Answer 9

Congenital: complete failure of tissue organ to develop

Question 10

Hypoplasia

Answer 10

Failure of an organ or tissue to reach its normal size

Question 11

Aplasia

Answer 11

Failure of a tissue or organ to develop

Question 12

Atresia

Answer 12

Absence or closure of a normal opening

Question 13

Neoplasia

Answer 13

Abnormal mass of tissue, the growth which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue that persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of stimuli which evoked the change

Question 14

3 types of neoplasia:

Answer 14

1. Epithelial: glandular or non-glandular tissues communicating with the outside world
2. Mesenchymal/connective tissue: Intermediate tissues that connect for structural integrity
3. Round cell: Lack of cohesion between cells

Question 15

Benign Neoplasm
Glandular = adenoma
Non-glandular = papiloma

Answer 15

• circumscribed with extensile growth
• does NOT metastasise
• well differentiated cells
• grow slowly and may be encapsulated

Question 16

Malignant neoplasm
Glandular = carcinoma
Mesenchymal cell lineage = sarcoma

Answer 16

• Poorly circumscribed
• Does metastasise
• Poorly differentiated cells
• grow rapidly

Question 17

Anaplasia

Answer 17

Loss of the mature or specialised features of the tissue, poorly differentiated malignant differentiation

Question 18

Anisocytosis

Answer 18

variable cell size

Question 19

Macroytosis

Answer 19

cell enlargement

Question 20

Anisokaryosis

Answer 20

variable nuclear size

Question 21

macrokaryosis

Answer 21

enlargement of nucleus

Question 22

anisonucleosis: variable nuclear size

Answer 22

Macronucleosis: enlargement of nuclear size