Disorders of the Urinary System Flashcards
Define
Urinary Incontinence
loss of bladder control
What are some of the causes of urinary incontinence?
nerve damage, medications, weak pelvis muscles, or enlarged prostate
How does stress incontinence occur?
when there is an increase in abdominal pressure while coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercising
When does urge incontinence occur and what causes it?
right after an urgent need to void and being unable to immediately reach a bathroom, usually caused by inappropriate bladder contractions or nerve signals
What is overflow incontinence?
dribbling of urine from an overly full bladder
What is nephrolithiasis?
also known as kidney stones, condition where solid masses of crystals make stones that form in the urinary tract
When do kidney stones usually form?
when urine is supersaturated with particular minerals and salts
What are some symptoms of nephrolithiasis?
severe pain in the back and side, burining when urinating, hematuria and nausea
How are small kidney stones treated?
if there are no symptoms they will pass by themselves but if the pain is too great to wait for them to pass there can be surgical intervention
What are some procedures used to help a patient with kidney stones?
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy
What happens during a ESWL procedure?
an Xray locates the stones and using a lithotripter, shock waves are generated that travel through the body and break up the stones so they can pass over several weeks
What happens during a ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy?
a scope is inserted into the urethra and ureter to locate the stone and breaks it into small pieces which are collected or drained from the kidney with the help of a basket or a ureteral stent
What happens during a percutaneous nephrolithotomy
an endoscopic instrument is passed through the skin of the back into the kidney ot break up the stone and suction out pieces
What is a UTI and how is it normally contracted?
a urinary tract infection, usually occurs when bacteria grab onto the opening of the urethra and begin to multiply, causing an infection
What bacteria is most commonly the cause of a UTI?
E. coli, which is easily transfered from the anus through the urethra into the bladder
What are the symptoms of a UTI?
burning, frequency and urgency of urination, hematuria
What is CKD?
also called kidney failure, a condition in which the kidneys lose their ability to remove waste products and excess fluid from the bloodstream
What is the most common cause of CKD?
diabetes and high blood pressure
What blood test is used the determine which stage of CKD a patient is at?
a glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What are the stages of CKD?
1: mildest form, slightly diminished function, 2: mild damage, protein in urine, 3: moderate damage, 4: severe damage, 5: end stage renal disease (ESRD) requires dialysis or a kidney transplant
What does dialysis do?
it works similarly to a kidney and removes fluid and waste
What occurs during hemodialysis?
blood passes through a filter and is forced through fibers to separate the waste products and then return the filtered blood back to the body
Where is the ideal place for vascular access during hemodialysis and why?
an AV fistula, it allows increased blood flow
How is peritoneal dialysis formed?
dialysis fluid is infused into the abdominal cavity and absorbs waste products from the blood vessels through the peritoneum, then the fluid is drawn back out and discarded
