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IPES QUIZ WEEK 14 > Disorders of the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Disorders of the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine Glands–NAME ALL 7

A 
1-Hypothalamus
2-Pituitary
3-Pineal
4-Thyroid/Parathyroid
5-Adrenal
6-Pancreas
7-Ovaries and Testes
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2
Q

Adult HYPO-pituitary Disorder–1

1–Usually presents with multiple gland endocrine ___________EX. Thyroid, adrenal and gonads may be affected.
2–Reduced gonad function causes _________ in females and _____ ________ in males

A

deficiencies

amenorrhea

testicular atrophy

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3
Q

Adult HYPO-pituitary Disorder–2

3–Commonly associated with pituitary _______
4–May affect visual fields

A

tumors

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4
Q

Adult HYPER-pituitary Disorder–1

Acromegaly—Excessive growth hormone production
If onset ________ growth plate closure, may grow to over 8 feet tall. Bony overgrowth and soft tissue thickening coarsen facial features.
Affects hands & feet disproportionately

A

precedes

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5
Q

Adult HYPER-pituitarism–2

Usually associated with a pituitary tumor. Tumor presses on the remaining normal pituitary tissue inducing _______ deficiencies. Deficiencies then occur in all other glands ________on pituitary. The tumor may cause visual field defects and __________.

A

endocrine

dependent

headaches

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6
Q

Thyroid Gland–1——-Anatomy

1--Normal adult thyroid weighs 20-25 grams
2--Two \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3--Central isthmus connecting 2 lobes
4--4 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
5--One behind each thyroid pole
A

lateral lobes……SEE SLIDE 14

Parathyroid glands—SEE SLIDE 16

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7
Q

Thyroid Gland–2—-Physiology (1 OF 2)

1--Regulation of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2--Affect growth rate
3--Affect every organ system because each is dependent on \_\_\_\_ AND \_\_\_\_ for regulation of metabolism.
A.  Oxygen consumption
B.  Heat production
C.  Rate of “work,” etc.
D.  Regulate blood \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ levels
A

metabolism

T3 and T4

calcium

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8
Q

Thyroid Gland—3—Physiology (2 OF 2)

1--Production of hormones
a.  Thyroxine (T4) = Requires iodine and tyrosine
b.  Triiodothyronine (T3) = Requires iodine and tyrosine
c.  Calcitonin
2--Only thyroid cells can absorb \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3--Thyroid is Controlled by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a.  TSH
4.  Pituitary controlled by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a.  TSH Releasing hormone (TRH)
A

iodine

pituitary

hypothalamus

  • **HYPO CONTROLS PIT
  • **PIT CONTROLS THYROID
  • **THYROID PRODUCES HORMONES T4 AND T3 FOR ALL.
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9
Q

THYROID GLAND–Disorders

NAME THE FOUR BASIC DISORDERS!

A

Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Goiter
Cancer

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10
Q

HYPO-thyroidism–1

1–Insufficient production of thyroid hormone
2–Epidemiology:
a. MOST COMMON thyroid disorder
b. More common in ______
c. Familial
d. Increased incidence with ________ _______

A

females

advancing age

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11
Q

HYPO-thyroidism–2

Symptoms X 13

1-Increased sensitivity to cold 
2-Constipation 
3-Pale, dry skin 
4-A puffy face 
5-Hoarse voice 
6-An elevated blood cholesterol level 
7-Unexplained weight \_\_\_\_\_
8-Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness 
9-Pain, stiffness or swelling in your joints 
10-Muscle \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
11-Tired and sluggish
12-Heavier than normal menstrual periods  
13-Depression
A

gain

weakness

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12
Q

HYPO-thyroidism–3

Symptoms

  • –May only have two or three symptoms
  • —May begin with vague symptoms
  • —-May appear as _______ _______
  • —Simple blood test to confirm
A

other illness

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13
Q

HYPO-thyroidism–4—CAUSES:

1--Most common cause is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
------Autoimmune
-----Antibodies attack the gland
2--\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ deficiency
3--Secondary to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ iodine treatment
4--Secondary to thyroid surgery
5--Pituitary or hypothalamus dysfunction
6--At birth, poorly developed gland
A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Iodine

radioactive ***DOING CHEMO CAN GIVE YOU HYPO!

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14
Q

HYPO-thyroidism–5—Potential complications:

1–Goiter
Most common cause of goiter is ______ ________
2–Heart disease = Elevated cholesterol, LDL
3–Mental health issues (___________)

4–Myxedema

a. Edema from increased deposition of connective tissue
b. Due to long-standing, untreated hypothyroidism
c. Intense drowsiness, lethargy, cold intolerance and LOC

5–Birth defects

a. Children born to mothers with untreated hypothyroidism
b. Developmental and/pr intellectual

A

Hashimoto’s disease

depression

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15
Q

HYPER-thyroidism–1

1–Over production of thyroid hormone
2–Can lead to gland dysfunction, then hormone _____
3–May occur post-partum

A

deficiency.

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16
Q

HYPER-thyroidism–2

Symptoms X 13

1-Sudden weight loss, even WITH appetite and food 2-intake remain normal or increase
3-Tachycardia (> 100 beats a minute)
4-Arrhythmia and/or palpitations)
5-Nervousness, anxiety or anxiety attacks, irritability
6-Tremor (fine trembling in your hands and fingers)
7-Sweating
8-Changes in menstrual patterns
9-Increased sensitivity to heat
10-Changes in bowel habits (increased frequency)
11-Goiter
12-Fatigue and muscle weakness
13–Difficulty sleeping

A

KNOW THESE

17
Q

HYPER-thyroidism—3

Symptoms

1–May only have two or three symptoms
2–May begin with vague symptoms
3–May appear as _______ ________
4–Simple blood test to confirm

A

other illness

18
Q

HYPER-THYROIDISM–4

Cause X 11

1--Most common cause is \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2-Autoimmune
3-Antibodies attack gland and stimulate overproduction of Thyroxine
4-Exact cause uncertain
5-Possibly familial
6-Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule(s)
7-Toxic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
8-Toxic multinodular goiter
9-Thyroiditis
10-May be painful or painless
11-Etiology unknown
A

GRAVES’ DISEASE!!

adenoma

Adenoma: A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue. If an adenoma becomes cancerous, it is called an adenocarcinoma

19
Q

HYPER-THYROIDISM–5

Potential complications

1—Heart disease
EX, Elevated cholesterol, LDL

2—Osteoporosis
EX. Interference with calcitonin / calcium regulation

3—____________(Ophthalmopathy)
EX. Bulging, red, swollen eyes
EX. Blurred and/or double vision
EX. Light sensitivity

4—Red, swollen skin (rare) secondary to Graves’

5—______ ______ or thyrotoxic crisis
EX. Sudden intensification of symptoms
EX. Fever, rapid pulse, delirium
EX. Requires immediate medical attention

A

Exophthalmoses

Thyroid storm

20
Q

Goiter = Goiter: A noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland. With a goiter, the levels of THYROID HORMONES may be normal (euthyroid), elevated (hyperthyroidism), or decreased (hypothyroidism).

Causes
1--Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
2--Graves’ disease
3--Thyroid cancer
4--Iodine \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
5--Iatrogenic
A

deficiency

21
Q

Thyroid Cancer–1

1–Usually begins with a ______
A. Often grows rapidly
2–First symptom may be enlarged ______ ________
3–Usually discovered in otherwise normal thyroid
A. May be hyperthyroid

A

nodule

lymph node

22
Q

THYROID CANCER–2

Epidemiology

1–Often secondary to __________ treatment to head, neck, or chest
2–May be familial
3–Usually over 40
4–90-95% of thyroid nodules are _________

A

radiation

benign

23
Q

Adrenal Glands–1

1–Also known as _________ __________
2–Anatomy = Triangular shaped gland on superior pole of each kidney. Located at the level of ______

A

Suprarenal glands

T12

24
Q

ADRENAL GLANDS–2

Physiology

1– Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine
EX. Regulate stress response (blood pressure, heart rate, sweating, i.e. sympathetic NS)
2–Produce ________ AND _________
EX. Water and electrolyte balance
3–Produce some ______ hormones

A

cortisol and aldosterone

SEX

25
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome–1 = Due to OVERPRODUCTION of __________.

Signs:

1–Obesity

a. Widened face with acne and flushing
b. Fatty deposits over back of neck
c. “Moon” face and “buffalo hump”
d. Distal part of extremities remains slender

2–Muscle _______
3–Thin, atrophic skin
4–_______ ______ (“stretch marks”)
5–Increased hair growth (facial hair on women)

A

cortisol

atrophy

Purple striae

26
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome–2

Symptoms: x 9

1--Weakness
2--Fatigue
3--Bruise easily
4--Ankle edema
5--Decreased menses
6--\_\_\_\_\_ blood pressure
7--Possible \_\_\_\_\_\_ blood sugar
8--Secondary DM
9--Depression and psychosis
A

High

high

27
Q

CAUSES of Cushing’s Syndrome

1–Excessive exposure of tissues to cortisol
2–Prolonged corticosteroid use. ex. Prednisone
3–Tumors
ex. _______ tumor, _________ tumor,
ex. Non-endocrine tumor or ectopic ACTH (adrenocorticotropin) syndrome
—Oat cell carcinoma of the lung
—Small cell carcinoma of the lung

A

Adrenal

Pituitary

28
Q

Addison’s Disease–1

1–Due to DECREASED production of ________ (and sometimes aldosterone = _______Syndrome)
AKA adrenal insufficiency or __________

A

cortisol

Conn’s

HYPO-cortisolism

29
Q

Addison’s Disease–2

Signs X 2
1–Darkened skin (regardless of sun exposure)
2–Most visible on scars, skin folds and ______ _______

A

pressure points

30
Q

Addison’s Disease–3

Symptoms X 5

1–Weight loss (loss of appetite)
2–Muscle fatigue, chronic and progressive
3-______ blood pressure
4–Nausea, vomiting,_______ are common (50%)
5–May complain of penetrating LBP, leg pain or abdominal pain

A

-Low

diarrhea

31
Q

Causes of Addison’s Disease X 3

1--\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ dysfunction
2--\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ dysfunction
a.  Insidious
b.  Post-radiation therapy
c.  Post-surgical
3--\_\_\_\_\_\_ or infections of these glands
A

Adrenal

Pituitary

Tumors

32
Q

Diabetes Mellitus–1

1–Due to _____ of insulin production by pancreas
ex. Type 1
2—Due to __________ use of insulin
ex. Type 2
ex. Insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency

A

lack

improper

33
Q

Diabetes Mellitus–2

Symptoms (early onset of illness): x 7

1---Weakness
2---Fatigue
3---\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Frequent urination
4---\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Frequent thirst
5---\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = Frequent hunger
6---Weight loss or obesity (Type 1 vs. Type 2)
7---Blurred vision
A

Polyuria

Polydipsia

Polyphagia

34
Q

Diabetes Mellitus–3

Symptoms: x 4 (EARLY)
1----Frequent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2----Delayed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3----Dry, itchy skin
4----Tingling or numbness in hands, legs or feet
A

infections

healing

35
Q

Diabetes Mellitus–4

SYMPTOMS (LATE): X 5

1—Blindness
2—________—is defined as the presence of red blood cells in the urine
3—Impotence
4—Bilateral symmetric distal sensory loss
5—Coronary artery disease

A

Hematuria

36
Q

Diabetes Mellitus–5

1—-SIGNS!! (LATE):

a. _______ _______ is a common diabetic eye disease caused by changes in retinal blood vessels.
b. Decreased peripheral pulses
c. Decreased sensation in affected areas
d. Decreased body temperature in affected areas

2—-SIGNS!! (VERY LATE!!):
a.—-Ulcers or _________in distal lower extremities

A

Diabetic retinopathy

gangrene

IPES QUIZ WEEK 14 (2 decks)

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