Disorders of Renal Function Flashcards
What is a DVT, what is the major concern regarding a DVT
- DVT, the main consequence is a pulmonary embolism.
- Blood clot or other material that obstructs the pulmonary artery/capillaries – blocks blood flow to lung tissue
cystic fibrosis
- Genetic disorder: autosomal recessive
- Defective chloride channel - high NaCl in sweat
- Less Na+ and water in respiratory mucus and in pancreatic secretions
- Mucus is thicker
cause of cystic fibrosis
- genetic disorder: autosomal recessive
- carriers are symptomatic
- family history - genetic testing
s/s of cystic fibrosis
- Salty skin
- Malabsorption with steatorrhea
- Abdominal distention
- Failure to gain weight
- Chronic cough, frequent respiratory infections
- Hypoxia, fatigue, exercise intolerance
- Chest may be overinflated due to air tapping
Why do patients with cystic fibrosis develop diabetes mellitus
As the pancreas becomes destroyed so do the beta cells which makes insulin therefore you will develop diabetes mellitus
how are the lungs affected in cystic fibrosis
- mucus obstructs airflow
- causing air tapping or atelectasis
- increase risk of infection
- respiratory failure or Cor pulmonale
how is the pancreas affected during cystic fibrosis
- digestive enzymes unable to reach small intestine
- ducts of exocrine pancreas become blocked
- pancreatitis
- malabsorption/Malnutrition
- diabetes mellitus
stress incontinence
increased intra-abdomial pressure forces urine through the external sphincter – coughing or laughing
urge incontinence
involuntary loss of urine associated with strong desire to void
mixed incontinence
stress + urge incontinence
overflow incontinence
urine loss when bladder pressure exceeds the maximum urethral pressure – bladder distension in the absence of muscle contraction (outflow obstruction)
nocturnal enuresis
bed wetting
post micturation dribble
where urine remaining in the urethra after voiding, the bladder slowly leaks out after urination
continuous urine leakage
constant leakage of urine due to an inherited abnormality or sphincter injury
functional incontinence
a physical or mental impairment keeps you from making it to the toilet in time
what do diuretics do
- remove excess water by the kidneys – dilute urine
what will result if kidneys are damaged
- hypertension
- congestive heart failure
- pulmonary edema 9
hydrochlorothiazide
- mild diuretic
- potassium wasting
furosemide
- potent diuretic
- potassium wasting
sprionolactone
- potassium sparing
- aldosterone antagonist
osmotic diuretic
- given IV
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
- develops around 7 to 10 following streptococcal infection
what type of
hypersensitivity reaction is Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
- Type III hypersensitivity reaction: the antibody antigen complex are deposited in the glomerular capillary wall or extravascular tissue – activation of complement
- Increased capillary wall permeability
s/s of post streptococcal glomerular nephritis
- flank pain due to swelling of kidneys
- dark urine
- decreased urine production as GFR declines
- increased BP due to decreased GFR and increased renin
- edema
- azotemia
cystitis and s/s
- bladder wall and urethra are inflamed, red and swollen, may be ulcerated
- bladder capacity is reduced
- lower abdominal pain
- dysuria, frequency and urgency are common
What is the difference between cystitis and pyelonephritis
In order to develop pyelonephritis, you need to have cystitis first. The bladder infection moves up the ureters. But you can have cystitis without having pyelonephritis.
Complicated pyelonephritis
- Structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities
- Outflow obstruction → urinary retention
- Pregnancy → urinary retention
- Neurogenic bladder → urinary retention
- Urinary retention → vesicoureteral reflux is required → pyelonephritis
pathophysiology of pyleonephritis
- One or both kidneys are involved; infection involves ureters, renal pelvis and medullary tissue
- Usually caused by e-coli
- Purulent exudate fills the kidney pelvis and the medullary tubules are inflamed with necrosis
- If the infection is severe it can compress the renal artery and vein and obstruct urine flow
s/s of pyleonephritis
- Similiar to cytitis
- Urinary casts consisting of leukocytes or renal epithelial cells
- Dull, aching pain in the lower back resulting from stretching of the renal capsule
- Chills with moderate to high fever
