Disorders of Renal Function

Question 1

Polycystic kidney disease

Answer 1

condition characterized by growth of fluid filled cysts in the kidney tissue bilaterally leading to progressive loss of renal nephrons
functional tissue replaced
reduced perfusion
tubule obstruction
- take functional tissue and make it not work

Question 2

Hydronephrosis

Answer 2

obstructive disorder of urinary system. increased hydrostatic pressure extends back to the renal pelvis and tubules causing dilation of structures.

hydroureter: increases hydrostatic pressure in the obstructed ureter leads to dilation of ureter proximal to the obstruction.

Question 3

Renal Calculi

Answer 3

obstructive disorder of urinary system
kidney stones

Question 4

Cystitis

Answer 4

lower tract UTI. can by symptomatic or asymptomatic.
symptomatic can be lower tract.
characteristics: frequency of urination (as often as 20 mins), lower abdominal or back discomfort, burning and pain on urination (dysuria), and cloudy and foul-smelling urine on occasion.

GU irritative SX: urgency; frequency; dysuria
most reliable indicator = “like the last UTI I had”

Question 5

Pyelonephritis

Answer 5

acute pyelonephritis represents an infection of the renal parenchyma and renal pelvis.
infection usually ascends from the lower urinary tract.
characteristics: abrupt onset of chills; high fever; an ache or tenderness in the costovertebral angle (flank area of the back) that is unilateral or bilateral; lower urinary tract symptoms, including dysuria, frequency, and urgency are common; nausea & vomiting may occur along w/ abdominal pain; palpation or percussion over costovertebral angle on the affected side usually causes pain; pyuria (white cells/pus in the urine; nonspecific) occurs but is not diagnostic bc it also occurs in lower UTIs.

Question 6

Glomerulonephritis (Nephritis vs Nephrotic, Systemic Diseases)

Answer 6

an inflammatory process that involves glomerular structures. there are many causes of glomerular disease.

acute nephritic syndrome characterized by sudden onset of hematuria (either microscopic or grossly visible, w/ red cell casts), variable degrees of proteinuria, diminished GFR, oliguria, and signs of impaired renal function.
nephritic syndromes produce a decrease in glomerular permeability and manifestations related to a decrease in GFR, fluid retention, and nitrogenous waste accumulation.

nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria (>3.5 g/day) and lipiduria (e.g., free fat, oval bodies, fatty casts) along with an associated hypoalbuminemia (<3 g/dL), generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia (cholesterol > 300 mg/dL).
nephrotic syndrome produces an increase in glomerular permeability and manifestations of altered body function related to massive loss of plasma proteins in urine.

systemic disease
microalbuminuria is an important predictor of future diabetic neuropathies.
diabetic glomerulosclerosis: major cause of chronic kidney disease and the most common cause of kidney failure treated by renal replacement therapy in the US. occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. more prevalent among African Americans, Asians, and Native Americans than whites.
hypertensive glomerulosclerosis

Question 7

Renal Tubular Acidosis

Answer 7

refers to a group of tubular defects in reabsorption of bicarbonate ions (HCO3) or excretion of hydrogen ions (H+) that result in metabolic acidosis and its subsequent complications, including metabolic bone disease, kidney stones, and growth failure in children

a tubulointerstitial disorder

Question 8

Kidney cancers

Answer 8

there are two major groups of malignant tumors of the kidney - embryonic kidney tumors (i.e., Wilms tumor - genetic), which occur during childhood, and renal cell carcinoma, which occurs in adults. affects one or both kidneys.

renal cell carcinoma is a (adult) malignant tumor.
gross or microscopic hematuria, which occurs in the majority of cases, is an important clinical clue.