Disorders of Motor Function

Question 1

What is the Central Nervous System composed of?

Answer 1

Composed of the brain and spinal cord that integrate and coordinate sensory and motor information throughout the body.

Question 1

What is the Central Nervous System responsible for?

Answer 1

Its responsible for higher neural function such as memory, learning and emotion.

Question 2

How is the brain composed?

Answer 2

The brain weighs 3 pounds and contains about 100 billion neurons.

Composed of 75% water and 20% of circulating blood volume (750mL)

Must have constant blood flow of oxygen.

Failure of blood for as little as 10 seconds can result in unconsciousness.

Question 3

What is the cerebrum?

Answer 3

Divided into two halves and two layers (hemispheres):

Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Hemispheres
Corpus Callosum

Question 4

What does the cerebrum do?

Answer 4

Coordinates sensory data and motor functions.

Governs cognitive functions

Question 5

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

Answer 5

The outside layer of the brain.

Question 6

What is the Cerebral Hemispheres?

Answer 6

Looks like mirror images but they have different functions. (right and left)

Question 7

What does the right hemisphere do?

Answer 7

Right Hemisphere controls left side of body and receives sensory information from that side as well.

Question 8

What does the left hemisphere do?

Answer 8

Left Hemisphere controls right side of body (muscle and sensory information)

Question 9

What is the Corpus Callosum?

Answer 9

Connects the right and left hemispheres for information sharing.

Question 10

What is the Limbic System?

Answer 10

It’s between the cerebrum and the inner brain.

It’s responsible for the level of awareness and arousal.
-Hippocampus
-Reticular formation

The reticular activating system (RAS) controls wakefulness.

Question 11

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

Answer 11

Learning and long-term memory

Question 12

What is the reticular formation responsible for?

Answer 12

Connects sensory input with cerebral cortex

Question 13

What does the Frontal Brain Lobe do/work?

Answer 13

Higher mental processes

Verbal communication and voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Question 14

What does the Parietal Brain Lobe do/work?

Answer 14

Skin

Taste and muscle sensations

Speech center

Formation of words to express thoughts and emotions

Interprets textures and shapes

Question 15

What does the Temporal Brain Lobe do/work?

Answer 15

Sense of smell and auditory interpretation

Stores auditory and visual experiences

Forms thoughts that precede speech

Question 16

What does the Occipital Brain Lobe do/work?

Answer 16

Location of eye movements

Integrates visual experiences

Question 17

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 17

Controls movement, balance, and voluntary muscle activity.

Adjusts impulses from proprioceptors within muscles, joints, and sense organs.

Proprioceptors relay information about balance and body position

Question 18

What is the brainstem?

Answer 18

Continuous with spinal cord and connects to the cerebral hemispheres.

The smallest part brain and related to primitive vital functions:
-Midbrain
-Righting reflex
-Pons
-Medulla Oblongata
-Regulates HR, BP, and Resp
-Nerve tracts cross to opposite sides

Question 19

How is the spinal cord structured?

Answer 19

Extends from medulla oblongata of the brain to the area around the first lumbar vertebrae in the lower back.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) extends out from the spinal cord.

Meninges - 3 layers - Brain and spinal cord

Question 20

What is the spinal cord protected by?

Answer 20

Vertebral column:
-Shocks and injuries -
Spinal cord cannot regenerate

Cerebrospinal fluid (CFS)

Meninges

Question 21

What are the 3 layers of Meninges?

Answer 21

Dura Mater

Arachnoid Membrane

Pia Mater

Question 22

What is the dura mater?

Answer 22

Outer tough fibrous membrane

Question 23

What is the arachnoid membrane?

Answer 23

Middle web like membrane consisting of CSF.

Question 24

What is the pia mater?

Answer 24

The innermost layer contains several blood vessels

Question 25

How does the spinal cord function?

Answer 25

Conducts impulses to and from the brain.

Serves as a reflex center to receive and send messages through nerves without entering the brain.

Question 26

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Answer 26

Peripheral nerves, ganglia and specialized sensory structures.

Carries sensory and motor information between CNS and all other organs and tissues in the body.

Two divisions
-Somatic Nervous System (afferent)
-Autonomic (Visceral) Nervous System (efferent)

Question 27

What is the Somatic Nervous System?

Answer 27

Responsible for receiving and processing sensory input from the skin, muscles, tendons, joints, eyes, tongue, nose and ears.

Voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles

Question 28

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

Answer 28

Carries impulses from the CNS to glands, various smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and various membranes

Stimulates organs, glands and senses

Question 29

How are the Brain Ventricles structured?

Answer 29

Four cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Fourth Ventricle - Continuous with 3rd ventricle along with the brainstem

Third ventricle - Lateral ventricles continuous with 3rd ventricle in lower brain area

Two lateral ventricles - Each side of the cerebral cortex

Question 30

How does the Brain Ventricles function?

Answer 30

Ventricles are connected to each other and the spinal cord central canal

Connected with subarachnoid space (space between two linings tha separate the brain from skull)

Lining of ventricles produces Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

CS helps provide nutrients to the brain

CS circulates throughout ventricular system and is eventually reabsorbed in the subarachnoid space

Ventricular system allows the brain to float in a fluid bath

Provides a shock absorber against head trauma
*Protects against head trauma.