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pathophysiology 4802 > Disorders of Female and Male Reproductive Tract (Final Exam) > Flashcards

Disorders of Female and Male Reproductive Tract (Final Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

this is defined as the absence or suppression of menstruation

A

amenorrhea

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2
Q

does this describe primary or secondary amenorrhea: no menses for 6 months in a previously menstruating women

A

secondary amenorrhea

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3
Q

does this describe primary or secondary amenorrhea: failure of onset of menstrual periods by age 16

A

primary amenorrhea

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4
Q

what are some causes of amenorrhea

A
  • normal physiological process (e.g. athletes, pregnancy)
  • disorders of the uterus, ovaries, hypothalamus or pituitary
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5
Q

amenorrhea may be caused by disorders of the ovaries. would the following describe primary or secondary amenorrhea: premature loss of follicles
- genetic
- lymphocytic oophoritis (Autoimmune disease)
- chronic anovulation
- chemo/radiation

A

primary

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6
Q

amenorrhea may be caused by disorders of the ovaries. would the following describe primary or secondary amenorrhea: decreased gonadotropin stimulation
- hormonal feedback disorders
- pituitary disorders
- hypothalamic disorders

A

secondary

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7
Q

this is a primary disorder of the ovaries that causes amenorrhea. this is a condition that only affects females, and results when one X chromosome is missing or partially missing. it can cause short height, failure of the ovaries to develop and heart defects.

A

Turner syndrome

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8
Q

this is a primary disorder of the ovaries that causes amenorrhea. this disease happens when the immune system mistakenly attacks the ovaries causing inflammation, atrophy and fibrosis. elevated FSH and LH plasma levels are seen here

A

lymphocytic oophoritis

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9
Q

this is a primary disorder of the ovaries that causes amenorrhea. Adequate number of follicles failure to mature and ovulate. there is an increased risk of endometrial cancer here, and this disorder is commonly associated with thyroid disease

A

chronic anovualtion

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10
Q

chronic anovulation can cause this syndrome, which is characterized by
- obesity
- hyperinsulemia with insulin resistance
- dyslipidemia
- elevated plasma estrogen
- hirsutism
- amenorrhea

A

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

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11
Q

how does hyperinsulinemia cause amenorrhea

A
  1. increased insulin is released because of insulin resistance
  2. decreased liver production of steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG-1) and insulin like growth factor binding protein (IGFNP-1)
  3. increase free IGF-1 and steroid hormones therefore this is overstimulation of IGF-1 receptors
  4. increased production of LH and decreases production of FSH
  5. increased ovarian production of androgens
  6. = amenorrhea
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12
Q

this is a secondary disorder of the ovaries. may be caused by head trauma (new unsure infertility with amenorrhea). Sheehan syndrome (postpartum hemorrhage resulting in necrosis of the pituitary gland) is related to this secondary disorder.

A

pituitary disorders

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13
Q

this is a secondary disorder of the ovaries. the arcuate nucleus generates a stimulus for GnRH, which can be affected by
- medications and illicit drugs
- psychological stress
- vigorous exercise
- hyperprolactinemia
- hypothyroidism

A

hypothalamic disorders

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14
Q

what do these symptoms describe
- delayed puberty (breast development and pubic hair)
- cyclic episodes of pain from obstructive menstruation
- hot flashes
- infertility
- atrophic vaginitis
- osteoporosis
- increased risk for endometrial cancer

A

amenorrhea

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15
Q

this is slight bleeding from endometrium during ovulations (~ day 14). may be caused by
- uterine malignancy
- endometrial polyps
- estrogen therapy

A

intermenstrual bleeding

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16
Q

this is deficient amount of menstrual flow. may be caused by:
- endocrine or systemic disorders (interfere with hormones)
- partial obstruction of menstrual flow

A

hypomenorrhea

17
Q

this is infrequent menstruation. may be caused by endocrine/systemic disorder causing failure to ovulate

A

oligomenorrhea

18
Q

this is an increase in amount or duration of bleeding. may be caused by
- lesions of reproductive organs
- fibroids (leiomyomas)

A

heavy menstrual bleeding

19
Q

this is abnormal endometrial bleeding not associated with tumor, inflammation, pregnancy, trauma or hormonal effects. most common time is menarche (first period) and menopause

A

dysfunction uterine bleeding

20
Q

this is painful menstruation

A

dysmenorrhea

21
Q

does this describe primary or secondary dysmenorrhea
usually develops 1-2 years after menarche (first period). results from an increase in PGF2-alpha which stimulates uterine contractions and causes schema of endometrial capillaries

A

primary

22
Q

does this describe primary or secondary dysmenorrhea
associated with pelvic disorders such as endometriosis or pelvic adhesions. pain and cramping with menstruation. bowel obstruction

A

secondary

23
Q

what do these symptoms describe
- sweating
- weakness and fatugue
- insomnia
- n/v/d
-back pain
- headache (migraine and tension h/a)
- dizziness and syncope
- pms

A

dysmenorrhea

24
Q

this is usually seen in 80% of men > age of 60. the prostate increases in size and compresses the urethra output. urinary retention, obstruction to flow, decreased stream, difficulty initiating a stream and recurrent infections may occur

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) / enlarged prostate

25
Q

this is inflammation of the prostate. different types include:
- acute or chronic bacterial
- nonbacterial/idiopathic

infection may be caused by E.coli, Serattia, Klebs, staph, etc. by reflux of urine or rectal invasion

A

prostatitis

26
Q

what do these symptoms describe
- fever, chills, low back pain
- frequency, urgency and dysuria
- tender and swollen prostate upon examination

A

prostatitis

27
Q

what may a urinalysis show to diagnose prostatitis

A

increased WBCs and bacteria

28
Q

true or false: need to get urine culture to diagnose prostatitis

A

true

29
Q

this is the most prevalent form of cancer in men. most common in men > 50. contributing factors include genetic and hormonal.

A

prostate cancer

30
Q

the tumor in this stage prostate cancer is microscopic and intracapsular

A

A

31
Q

the tumor in this stage prostate cancer is palpable on rectal exam but confined to the prostate

A

B

32
Q

the tumor in this stage prostate conacaer is extended beyond capsule

A

C

33
Q

the tumor in this stage prostate cancer is metastasized to distant organs

A

D

34
Q

how is prostate cancer diagnosed

A
  • rectal exam
  • biopsy
  • serum-prostate specific antigen
  • transrectal ultrasonography

pathophysiology 4802 (16 decks)

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