Disorders of Female and Male Reproductive Tract (Final Exam) Flashcards
this is defined as the absence or suppression of menstruation
amenorrhea
does this describe primary or secondary amenorrhea: no menses for 6 months in a previously menstruating women
secondary amenorrhea
does this describe primary or secondary amenorrhea: failure of onset of menstrual periods by age 16
primary amenorrhea
what are some causes of amenorrhea
- normal physiological process (e.g. athletes, pregnancy)
- disorders of the uterus, ovaries, hypothalamus or pituitary
amenorrhea may be caused by disorders of the ovaries. would the following describe primary or secondary amenorrhea: premature loss of follicles
- genetic
- lymphocytic oophoritis (Autoimmune disease)
- chronic anovulation
- chemo/radiation
primary
amenorrhea may be caused by disorders of the ovaries. would the following describe primary or secondary amenorrhea: decreased gonadotropin stimulation
- hormonal feedback disorders
- pituitary disorders
- hypothalamic disorders
secondary
this is a primary disorder of the ovaries that causes amenorrhea. this is a condition that only affects females, and results when one X chromosome is missing or partially missing. it can cause short height, failure of the ovaries to develop and heart defects.
Turner syndrome
this is a primary disorder of the ovaries that causes amenorrhea. this disease happens when the immune system mistakenly attacks the ovaries causing inflammation, atrophy and fibrosis. elevated FSH and LH plasma levels are seen here
lymphocytic oophoritis
this is a primary disorder of the ovaries that causes amenorrhea. Adequate number of follicles failure to mature and ovulate. there is an increased risk of endometrial cancer here, and this disorder is commonly associated with thyroid disease
chronic anovualtion
chronic anovulation can cause this syndrome, which is characterized by
- obesity
- hyperinsulemia with insulin resistance
- dyslipidemia
- elevated plasma estrogen
- hirsutism
- amenorrhea
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
how does hyperinsulinemia cause amenorrhea
- increased insulin is released because of insulin resistance
- decreased liver production of steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG-1) and insulin like growth factor binding protein (IGFNP-1)
- increase free IGF-1 and steroid hormones therefore this is overstimulation of IGF-1 receptors
- increased production of LH and decreases production of FSH
- increased ovarian production of androgens
- = amenorrhea
this is a secondary disorder of the ovaries. may be caused by head trauma (new unsure infertility with amenorrhea). Sheehan syndrome (postpartum hemorrhage resulting in necrosis of the pituitary gland) is related to this secondary disorder.
pituitary disorders
this is a secondary disorder of the ovaries. the arcuate nucleus generates a stimulus for GnRH, which can be affected by
- medications and illicit drugs
- psychological stress
- vigorous exercise
- hyperprolactinemia
- hypothyroidism
hypothalamic disorders
what do these symptoms describe
- delayed puberty (breast development and pubic hair)
- cyclic episodes of pain from obstructive menstruation
- hot flashes
- infertility
- atrophic vaginitis
- osteoporosis
- increased risk for endometrial cancer
amenorrhea
this is slight bleeding from endometrium during ovulations (~ day 14). may be caused by
- uterine malignancy
- endometrial polyps
- estrogen therapy
intermenstrual bleeding
this is deficient amount of menstrual flow. may be caused by:
- endocrine or systemic disorders (interfere with hormones)
- partial obstruction of menstrual flow
hypomenorrhea
this is infrequent menstruation. may be caused by endocrine/systemic disorder causing failure to ovulate
oligomenorrhea
this is an increase in amount or duration of bleeding. may be caused by
- lesions of reproductive organs
- fibroids (leiomyomas)
heavy menstrual bleeding
this is abnormal endometrial bleeding not associated with tumor, inflammation, pregnancy, trauma or hormonal effects. most common time is menarche (first period) and menopause
dysfunction uterine bleeding
this is painful menstruation
dysmenorrhea
does this describe primary or secondary dysmenorrhea
usually develops 1-2 years after menarche (first period). results from an increase in PGF2-alpha which stimulates uterine contractions and causes schema of endometrial capillaries
primary
does this describe primary or secondary dysmenorrhea
associated with pelvic disorders such as endometriosis or pelvic adhesions. pain and cramping with menstruation. bowel obstruction
secondary
what do these symptoms describe
- sweating
- weakness and fatugue
- insomnia
- n/v/d
-back pain
- headache (migraine and tension h/a)
- dizziness and syncope
- pms
dysmenorrhea
this is usually seen in 80% of men > age of 60. the prostate increases in size and compresses the urethra output. urinary retention, obstruction to flow, decreased stream, difficulty initiating a stream and recurrent infections may occur
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) / enlarged prostate
