Disorders of Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Flashcards
Arteriosclerosis
degenerative changes that occur with age → narrowing of small arteries and arterioles → ischemia
Atherosclerosis
have atheromas which are plaques having lipids, cells, fibrin and cellular debris; they often have an attached thrombus. The initiating factor may be endothelial cell damage (occurs at young age)
unstable plaque
- Have thin fibrous caps
- Plaque can rupture → clot forms (thrombus)
- May completely block the artery
- May break free and become an embolus
stable plaque
- Thick, fibrous cap
- Less likely to rupture
risk factor of atherosclerosis
- Age
- Gender
- Genetics
- Diet
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
s/s of peripheral artery disease
- Gradual onset
- Pain while walking (claudication)
- Foot cool to the touch
- Weak or absent pedal pulse or femoral pulse
- When blood flow is severely reduced
- Ischemic pain at rest
- Ulcerations
- Gangrene
vasculitis
inflammation of the vascular wall
pathogen mediated vasculitis
direct invasion of pathogen into the wall resulting in immune mediated inflammation
non pathogen mediated immune inflammation
caused by medications
true aneurysm
bound by a complete vessel wall, the blood is within the vascular compartment (all three layers are affected)
false aneurysm
local injury to the vessel wall causing a tear in the vessel wall (damage to one or more layers)
berry aneurysm
dilation that occurs where a blood vessel branches
fusiform aneurysm
involves entire circumference of vessel
saccular aneurysm
extends over part of the circumference of the vessel
Dissecting aneurysm
hemorrhaging into vessel wall
which aneurysm are true aneurysm
- berry
- fusiform
- saccular
causes of an aneurysms
- Congenital defects
- Trauma
- Infection
- Atherosclerosis
What are modifiable risk factors for the development of
Hypertension
- High salt diet
- Obesity
- Alcohol consumption
- Insulin resistance
What are non-modified risk factors for the development of
Hypertension
- Family history
- Race
- Age
what are other risk factors of hypertension
- Kidney disease
- Adrenal cortical disorders
- pheochromocytoma
Pharmocological treatments for hypertension
- Mild diuretics
- ACE inhibitors
- Beta blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
- Alpha blockers
Preeclampsia – eclampsia
- Eclampsia is the development of seizures in a women with severe preeclampsia
- Hypertension after 20 wks, proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine and liver enzymes, decreased platelets
- Seen in first preganancy
- Seen in multiple fetuses
- Kidney disease, hemolysis
Chronic hypertension
- Hypertension unrelated to pregnancy
- Hypertensions present prior to pregnancy or occurs before 20 wks or persists beyond 12 wks postpartum
- Increased risk of developing preeclampsia
Preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension
- Hypertension before 20 wks who develop proteinuria
- Worse prognosis compared to either alone
Orthostatic hypotension
abnormal drop in BP upon standing
what causes orthostatic hypotension
- Low blood volume → dehydration
- Drug induced
- Aging
- Bed rest
- Autonomic nervous system problems
Who is most susceptible to developing orthostatic hypotension
elderly
varicose veins
dilated veins, usually in lower extremity
Why do varicose veins form
- Prolonged standing
- Prolonged increased pressure on abdominal veins
s/s of DVT
- Pain
- Swelling
- Muscle tenderness
- Elevated WBC
- Fever
treatment of DVT
(TPA/thrombolytic agent) dissolving the clot and then you can put them on blood thinner (anticoagulant) – pneumatic compression devices
Who is most susceptible to developing them
- Diabetes
- Pregnancy
causes of DVT
- Bed rest
- Immobility
- CHF
- Dehydration
- Preganancy
- Genetic factors
- Surgery
- trauma/infection
