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Moduel 6 Disorders and Treatments > Disorders and Treatments > Flashcards

Disorders and Treatments Flashcards

1
Q

What three factors are used to define psychological abnormality?

A

Distress, impairment, and risk of harm.

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2
Q

Why is it difficult to define psychological disorders?

A

They can encompass many aspects of thoughts, feelings, behavior, and bodily functioning, and are influenced by culture and social context.

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3
Q

What is distress in the context of psychological disorders?

A

A feeling of significant emotional suffering that may or may not be visible to others.

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4
Q

What is impairment in the context of psychological disorders?

A

A disability or difficulty in functioning in daily life, such as an inability to work or maintain relationships.

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5
Q

What is risk of harm in the context of psychological disorders?

A

The potential for behaviors associated with a disorder to cause harm to oneself or others, intentionally or accidentally.

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6
Q

What tool do mental health professionals use to diagnose psychological disorders?

A

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

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7
Q

What are the main characteristics of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

A

Depressed mood or loss of interest in activities for at least two weeks, and at least five symptoms like fatigue, sleep disturbances, or feelings of worthlessness.

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8
Q

How is MDD different in developing versus developed countries?

A

In developing countries, prevalence is similar between genders, while in developed countries, women are 1.5–3 times more likely to experience MDD.

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9
Q

What is bipolar disorder characterized by?

A

Episodes of mania or hypomania, often alternating with episodes of depression.

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10
Q

What is the difference between mania and hypomania?

A

Mania involves extreme mood elevation and impairment in functioning, while hypomania is a milder form that does not usually disrupt daily life.

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11
Q

What are some symptoms of anxiety disorders?

A

Excessive worry, physical arousal, avoidance of specific stimuli, and in some cases, panic attacks.

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12
Q

What defines panic disorder?

A

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and fear of future attacks that lead to behavioral changes.

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13
Q

How do cultural and social contexts influence what is considered abnormal behavior?

A

They determine whether unusual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are considered deviant or simply unconventional.

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14
Q

What is rapid cycling in the context of bipolar disorder?

A

Four or more mood shifts in a year, such as alternating between manic and depressive episodes.

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15
Q

How does anxiety differ from an anxiety disorder?

A

Anxiety is a normal reaction to stress, but an anxiety disorder involves excessive, uncontrollable worry that interferes with daily life.

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16
Q

How does Major Depressive Disorder impact workplace performance?

A

It is the leading cause of absenteeism and presenteeism, where employees are physically present but not mentally engaged.

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17
Q

What is a phobia?

A

An exaggerated, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to avoidance and interferes with daily life.

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18
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Fear of being in places where escape might be difficult, often leading to avoidance of public spaces like malls or airplanes.

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19
Q

What is social anxiety disorder?

A

Fear of public embarrassment or humiliation, causing avoidance of social situations.

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20
Q

What is a specific phobia?

A

An intense fear of a particular object or situation, such as heights, animals, or flying.

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21
Q

What are the two main symptom categories of schizophrenia?

A

Positive symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, delusions) and negative symptoms (e.g., flat affect, avolition).

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22
Q

schizophrenia

A

A disorder that is characterized by symptoms of psychosis that profoundly alter the patient’s affect, behavior, and thoughts.

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23
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25
What are hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia?
Hallucinations are sensory experiences without external stimuli, while delusions are distorted beliefs like paranoia or grandiosity.
26
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
A disorder characterized by intrusive obsessions and repetitive compulsions performed to reduce anxiety.
27
What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
A disorder triggered by a traumatic event, involving intrusive memories, avoidance, negative thoughts, and hyperarousal.
28
What are the symptoms of anorexia nervosa?
Significantly low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image.
29
How is bulimia nervosa different from anorexia?
Bulimia involves binge eating followed by purging, while people with anorexia are underweight and focus on extreme restriction.
30
What are personality disorders?
Maladaptive personality traits that cause distress or difficulty in functioning and are integral to a person's personality.
31
What are the three clusters of personality disorders?
-Cluster A: Odd/eccentric (e.g., paranoid, schizoid) -Cluster B: Dramatic/emotional (e.g., borderline, narcissistic) -Cluster C: Anxious/fearful (e.g., avoidant, dependent).
32
What is antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)?
A pattern of disregard for others’ rights, impulsivity, and lack of empathy, often involving criminal behavior.
33
What is the prodromal phase of schizophrenia?
The period before full symptoms emerge, characterized by deteriorating functioning, withdrawal, and emotional flattening.
34
What are compulsions in OCD?
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety caused by obsessions, such as excessive washing or checking.
35
What does the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) describe?
It describes common psychological disorders and their criteria for diagnosis.
36
What are the three levels of analysis for understanding psychological disorders?
Brain (biological factors), Person (thoughts and feelings), and Group (social and cultural influences).
37
How did ancient Greece explain abnormal behavior?
As an imbalance of the body's four humors: yellow bile, phlegm, blood, and black bile.
38
What is the diathesis-stress model?
A model suggesting that psychological disorders develop through a combination of predisposition (diathesis) and stress.
39
What is an example of how brain-related factors contribute to psychological disorders?
Abnormal serotonin levels can lead to depression, and an overreactive amygdala can cause phobias
40
What are the two main implications of the diathesis-stress model?
-A predisposition alone is not enough to develop a disorder without stress. -Stress alone is unlikely to cause a disorder in the absence of a predisposition.
41
What does the biopsychosocial model consider in explaining psychological disorders?
It examines interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors.
42
What new component has been added to the biopsychosocial model?
The digital component, which includes digital health solutions, social media, and personal health tracking technologies.
43
How can digital advancements positively impact health care?
By providing accessible information, improving health management, and enabling real-time feedback for healthcare providers.
44
What are some potential negative effects of digital health solutions?
Anxiety from data loss or privacy breaches and concerns over the security of digitized health information.
45
What is the historical progression of explanations for psychological disorders?
From humors in ancient Greece, to the devil in 17th-century New England, to Freud's psychodynamic theory, and finally to modern biopsychosocial models.
46
Why is the interaction of brain, person, and group important in diagnosing psychological disorders?
It helps differentiate between normal emotional experiences and symptoms of disorders by considering all contributing factors.
47
How does the diathesis-stress model explain why identical twins may not both develop schizophrenia?
Because the disorder requires both a genetic predisposition and sufficient environmental stress to trigger it.
48
What are some examples of stressors in the diathesis-stress model?
Trauma, abuse, neglect, relationship loss, or cultural stressors.
49
What role does neurotransmitter function play in psychological disorders?
Imbalances, such as low serotonin, are linked to disorders like depression.
50
What is a psychological disorder?
A set of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that cause significant distress, impairment, and risk of harm.
51
Are deviant behaviors reflective of a psychological disorder?
No, behaviors merely deviant from the mainstream culture are not considered reflective of a disorder.
52
What are the key characteristics of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
Depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, sleep or eating disturbances, loss of energy, and feelings of hopelessness.
53
What distinguishes bipolar disorder?
Alternating episodes of mania or hypomania and depression.
54
What are common types of anxiety disorders?
Panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia.
55
What are the hallmark symptoms of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations, delusions, odd or disorganized thoughts and behaviors, and diminished emotional expression.
56
What are positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia?
-Positive symptoms: Hallucinations and delusions. -Negative symptoms: Flat affect and lack of motivation.
57
What factors influence the likelihood of developing PTSD after trauma?
The type of trauma, the individual’s response, and other personal and situational factors.
58
What characterizes eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
Preoccupations with weight and body image, along with abnormal eating behaviors such as restriction, binges, and purges.
59
What are personality disorders?
Inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that cause distress or difficulties in work, school, or social relationships.
60
Why might personality disorders not be immediately evident?
These traits may only reveal themselves over time and may not be noticeable in brief encounters.
61
How are psychological disorders best understood?
As arising from interactions at the levels of the brain (biological factors), person (mental processes and content), and group (social and cultural factors).
62
How many people were diagnosed with depression globally in 2005 and 2015?
272 million in 2005 and 322 million in 2015.
63
What factors contribute to the rise in global depression rates?
Population growth, increased median age, and higher rates of depression among teens and young adults.
64
What is the focus of insight-oriented therapy?
Understanding the psychological causes of distressing symptoms to diminish those symptoms.
65
What is the goal of client-centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers?
To dismantle blocks to personal growth and help clients reach their full potential through empathy and unconditional positive regard.
66
What is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
A therapy that combines behavioral and cognitive techniques to change dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors.
67
What are the two main principles underlying behavioral therapy?
Classical conditioning (associating a neutral stimulus with a response) and operant conditioning (linking a behavior to its consequences).
68
What is exposure therapy used for?
Treating anxiety disorders by gradually exposing clients to feared stimuli to reduce their anxiety through habituation.
69
What are the four types of exposure techniques?
Imaginal exposure, in vivo exposure, virtual reality exposure, and augmented reality exposure.
70
What is systematic desensitization?
A two-step process where clients learn relaxation techniques and gradually confront increasingly anxiety-provoking stimuli.
71
What is exposure with response prevention?
A therapy where clients face anxiety-provoking stimuli and refrain from their usual maladaptive responses, such as compulsive behaviors in OCD.
72
How does behavior modification use reinforcement?
By providing rewards for desired behaviors or removing reinforcement for maladaptive behaviors.
73
What is rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) developed by Albert Ellis?
A therapy encouraging clients to replace irrational thoughts with rational ones to reduce distress.
74
What are cognitive distortions in Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy?
Systematic biases in thinking, such as catastrophic exaggeration or dichotomous thinking, that contribute to psychological problems.
75
What is dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and who developed it?
Developed by Marsha Linehan, DBT helps clients with borderline personality disorder reduce self-harm, improve emotional regulation, and develop better relationships.
76
How do cognitive and behavioral therapies differ in focus?
Cognitive therapy focuses on changing irrational thoughts, while behavioral therapy focuses on modifying behavior.
77
What are the four skills developed in DBT?
Mindfulness, emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and improved interpersonal relationships.
78
How is biofeedback used in therapy?
By training clients to control involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate or muscle tension, using real-time feedback.
79
What is the goal of insight-oriented therapy?
To help patients understand the reasons for their symptoms.
80
What is client-centered therapy in the humanistic approach?
A therapy where therapists offer acceptance, encouragement, and advice to help clients achieve their potential.
81
What does cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) focus on?
Treating the symptoms of mental illness rather than finding the underlying causes.
82
What principles do behavioral therapies use?
Classical and operant conditioning to create new patterns of behavior.
83
What is the focus of cognitive therapies?
Teaching patients to use self-reflection and evidence-gathering to challenge distorted thinking and develop more rational thought patterns.
84
What is the purpose of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?
To use both insight-oriented and cognitive-behavioral approaches to improve the quality of life for people with borderline personality disorder.
85
Manic Episode
A period of at least one week during which an abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood persists.
86
Bipolar Disorder
A set of mood disorders characterized either by one or more episodes of mania or by alternating episodes of hypomania and depression
87
Generalized anxiety disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that is not consistently related to a specific object or situation.
88
Panic Disorter
An anxiety disorder characterized by frequent, unexpected panic attacks or fear and avoidance of such attacks.

Moduel 6 Disorders and Treatments (1 decks)

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