Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Voice > Disorders > Flashcards

Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What would objective measures would you find with nodules

A

Increased NHR, VTI, jitter and shimmer
Decreased fundamental frequency due to mass
Decreased intensity from less subglottal pressure
Increased MAR from loss of air in phonation
Lower VSPL and VE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How would you differentiate nodules from polyps

A

Nodules are bilateral, on anterior 2/3, posterior 1/3 of folds
Arise over time

Polyps are mostly unilateral and have a blood supply
Can form with one incidence of phonotrauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 types of nodules

A

Acute which are gelatinous in appearance. From hyperfunctional voice use

Chronic which are more fibrous and arise over time with repeated phonotrauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do you treat nodules

A

Voice rest and good vocal hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you treat polyps

A

Surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two types of polyps

A

Sessile which are on the fold

Pedunculated that hang from a stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is laryngitis

A

Inflammation of larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you treat laryngitis

A

Good vocal hygiene
Usually heals itself within a week
Medical treatment if an infection is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the symptoms of laryngitis

A

Hoarseness
Fever
Cough
Lower pitch from edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Reinke’s edema

A

Edema that forms in the superficial lamina propria

Associated with smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What objective measures would you expect to see in Reinkes edema

A 
Increased NHR
Increased jitter and shimmer
Reduced frequency
Reduced intensity, VSPL and VE
Increased MAR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a laryngeal cyst

A

Mucous mass found underneath mucosa in superficial lamina propria
Usually in transition area or vocal ligament
Can be anywhere
Need to make a differential diagnosis with contact ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe intubation granuloma

A

Mass arising from arytenoid cartilage due to trauma from intubation
Iatrogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes contact ulcers

A

LPR

Laryngeal-pharyngeal reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What symptoms would you see with a contact ulcer

A

Hoarseness
Breathiness
Reduced pitch
Reduced loudness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes candida

A

Antibiotics
Illness
Chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How would you identify candida

A

White spots on mucosa
Stiff irregular folds
Abnormal redness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What changes would you see in the voice with candids

A

Minimal to moderate changes due to swelling

Pressed, hoarse, or breathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the viral infection that causes a mass in the supraglottal, glottal, or subglottal regions

A

Human papilloma virus 6 and 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a papilloma

A

Mass due to HPV in the supraglottal, glottal, or subglottal regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What objective measures would you find with a papilloma

A

Increased NHR
Reduced frequency
Reduced vital capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the primary symptom of a glottal web

A

Respiratory difficulties
Shortness of breath
Harsh and high pitched voice
Can be anterior or posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What causes a glottal web

A

75%congenital due to folds not separating during embryonic development in the 4th to 10th week
Acquired due to trauma usually iatrogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a laryngocele

A

Air filled dilation in ventricles

Congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What causes subglottal stenosis

A

Congenital: malformed cricoid cartilage formed in utero.
3rd most common congenital

Acquired: iatrogenic

Idiopathic. More common middle aged women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What symptoms would you see in subglottal stenosis

A

Stridor

Dyspnea, cough, significant chest wall movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the symptoms of presbylarynges

A 
Sarcopenia:thinning of muscles
Superficial layer of cord thins
Collagen in cord becomes more dense
Mucosal wave abnormalities
Possible bowing of folds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is sarcopenia

A

Thinning of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is sulcus vocalis

A

Groove in fold
Bilateral and symmetrical
May protrude into vocal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is varix

A

Enlarged and dilated vein in folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is ecstasia

A

Fused lesioning of blood vessels in folds

On superficial lamina oropria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What causes muscle tension dysphonia

A

Phonotrauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What contributes to poorvocal health

A 
Smoking
Marijuana
Alcohol
Caffeine
Sleep deprivation
Vocal fatigue
Inappropriate vocal use
Obesity
Allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does improper voice use result in

A

Increased tension
Inappropriate pitch
Ventricular phonation
Later-medial and posterior-anterior compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary dysphonia

A

Primary is direct result of disorder

Secondary is from compensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What causes phonotrauma

A

Excessive loud talking
Straining during laryngeal inflammation
Coughing or throat clearing
Sports cheering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are symptoms of phonotrauma

A 
Hosrseness
Fatigue
Strain
Pain
Loss of voice
Poor projection
Loss of pitch/ loudness range
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are good differential diagnoses between muscle tension and neurologic disorders

A

Usually worse at the end of the day

Varies throughout day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does a larynoscopy reveal in strain

A

Compression (lateral medial or anterior posterior)
Supraglottal strain
Hyper adduction
Elevated laryngeal position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a hard glottal attack

A

Rapid adduction of folds before a vowel

Increased subglottal pressure to overcome adductive forces which produces sudden explosive sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What happens when there is elevated laryngeal positions

A

Pitch increases

Perceive strain, hoarseness, and increased pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the symptoms of puberphonia

A

Hoarseness, breathiness
Pitch breaks, inadequate resonance
Shallow breathing, muscle tension
Lack of variability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is ventricular dysphonia

A

Vibration of false folds
Secondary to vocal fold disorder
Gives rise to diplophonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the characteristics of ventricular dysphonia

A

Low pitch because of added mass
Hoarseness
Reduced intensity due to poor pressure below folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What causes psychogenic dysphonia

A

Emotional trauma, stress or attention seeking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How can you tell if someone is faking

A

They can laugh, whisper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the types of assessment

A 
Laryngoscope
Perceptual
Acoustic
Aerodynamic
Quality of life
EMG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the 5 subsystems of motor speech disorders or dysarthria

A 
Respiration
Phonation
Resonance
Articulation
Prosody
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What do you call a lesion on a muscle

A

Myopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What do you call a lesion on a nerve

A

Neuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What do you call a lesion at the junction of the nerve and muscle

A

Myoneural junction disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is loss of muscle mass called

A

Atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is muscle tension dysphonia

A

Any inappropriate use of voice

Overuse of laryngeal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the two types of muscle tension dysphonia

A

Primary and secondary

55
Q

What is the primary concern of muscle tension dysphonia

A

Airflow especially laryngeal resistance

More resistance = less airflow

56
Q

What is hyperfunction

A

Compression of muscles that causes strain

On superior medial, lateral medial, or supraglottic

57
Q

What assessment do you use for vocal fold paralysis

A

EMG

58
Q

What can you expect to see in the assessments of muscle tension dysphonia

A

Auditory perceptual:strained, raspy
Acoustic: noise etc
Respiration: reduced airflow
Laryngoscopy: lateral medial compression, anterios posterior compression, supraglottal tension, aperiodicity, asymmetry

59
Q

What are the 3 parts of brain stem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

60
Q

What are the two UMN fibers

A

Corticospinal

Corticobulbar

61
Q

Where do the UMN originate

A

Precentral gyrus

62
Q

Where do LMN originate

A

From coricobulbar fibers

63
Q

What is dysarthria

A

Any speech disorder caused by neurological impairment

64
Q

What are the aspects of speech that a motor speech disorder would affect

A 
Respiration
Phonation
Articulation
Resonance
Prosody
65
Q

What do LMN lesions cause

A

Flaccid dysarthria

66
Q

What do UMN lesions cause

A

If bilateral they cause spasticity

If unilateral do not affect voice

67
Q

What are the 7 types of dysarthrias

A 
Spasticity
Flaccidity
Unilateral UMN
Ataxia
Hyperkinesia
Hypokinesia
Mixed
68
Q

What is ataxia

A

Loss of coordination

69
Q

What causes spasticity

A

Bilateral UMN

70
Q

What causes flaccidity

A

Uni and bilateral LMN

71
Q

What causes ataxia

A

Lesion in cerebellum

72
Q

What is hyperkinesia

A

Too much movement

73
Q

What is a classic disease with hypotonia

A

Parkinson’s

74
Q

What is a motor neuron disease

A

Disorder at the junction of LMN and UMN

75
Q

What is the origin of the LMN

A

Motor neuron

76
Q

What are the two braches of the Vegas nerve that innervate the voice production

A

Superior laryngeal

Recurrent laryngeal

77
Q

What des the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate

A

All intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid

Sensory information below the folds

78
Q

What are the types of neurogenic voice disorders

A

Vocal fold paralysis
Spasmodic dysphonia
Organic voice tremor

79
Q

What muscles are affected by abductor paralysis

A

Posterior cricoarytenois

80
Q

What muscles are affected by adductor paralysis

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid

Interarytenoids

81
Q

What are the problems associated with adductor paralysis

A

Phonation
Aspiration
Subglottal pressure

82
Q

What is the primary concern of bilateral adductor paralysis

A

Aspiration

83
Q

What would be the voice quality of someone with bilateral adductor paralysis

A

Dysphonic with secondary muscle tension
Bresthy
Wesk

84
Q

What would the voice quality be like with unilateral abduction paralysis

A

Mildly dysphonic

Possible loudness issues

85
Q

What is the most common form of vocal fold paralysis

A

Unilateral adductor paralysis

86
Q

What type of dysarthria is spasmodic dysphonia

A

Hyperkinetic

87
Q

What is the origin of spasmodic dysphonia

A

Disruption in extrapyramidal fibers in CNS

88
Q

What are the symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia

A

Pauses in phonation
Effortful voice production
Strain
Uncontrolled spasms

89
Q

What voice qualities would you expect in adductor spasmodic dysphonia

A

Strain
Effortful
Vowels more affected
Intermittent normal phonation

90
Q

What voice qualities would you expect in abductor spasmodic dysphonia

A

Intermittent breathiness
Short breaks of aphonia
Intermittent normal phonation
Can affect consonant production

91
Q

What is essential tremor

A

CNS disorder

Results in involuntary regular tremors in limbs, head, larynx

92
Q

What is organic voice tremor

A

Essential tremor limited to larynx

Based on frequency deviations of 4 to 6 hz

93
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A 
Neuromuscular disorder
Autoimmune
Causes weakness and atrophy in muscles
Occurs at myoneural junction
Disruption of ACH receptors at myoneural junction
94
Q

How does myasthenia gravis affect voice

A

Weakness after 5 -6 minutes

Mucosal wave abnormalities

95
Q

Where are 4 places that you might see a LMN disorder

A

Motor neuron
Myopathy
Neuropathy
Myoneural junction

96
Q

What is the function of dopamine

A

Inhibitory

97
Q

What type of dysarthria is parkinsons

A

Hypokinesia

98
Q

What voice qualities would you expect in parkinsons

A

Monopitch
Monoloudness
Loudness biggest symptom
Dont have sensory info that they are too soft

99
Q

What is the voice treatment for parkinsons

A

Lee Silverman Loud

LSVD

100
Q

What would happen to reflexes if in the LMN

A

Reduced

101
Q

What would happen to reflexes if the lesion is in the UMN

A

Hyperactive reflex

102
Q

What are the different types of paralysis

A

Abductor or adductor

Both unilateral or bilateral

103
Q

What is a passymuir valve

A

A valve that redirects air through the folds for speech when there is a stoma

104
Q

What are possible causes of vocal fold paralysis

A 
Surgery
Neurologic disease
Head or neck trauma
Viral infection
Tumor
105
Q

What are general symptoms of of paralysis

A

Breathiness
Low intensity
Low pitch
Intermittent diplophonia

106
Q

What is botox

A

A toxin that temporarily paralyzes the folds

107
Q

How can you provide biofeedback for a parkinsons patient

A

Sound level meter

108
Q

What are some examples of congenital neuroligic disorders in children

A 
VF paralysis
Laryngeal stenosis
Laryngomalacia
Laryngocele
Webbing
109
Q

What are some prenatal reasons for congenital voice disorders

A

Maternal substance abuse

Poor embryonic development

110
Q

What are some perinatal reasons for congenital voicedisorders

A

Birth trauma
Delayed birth cry
Hypoxia

111
Q

What is laryngocele

A

Air filled sac in the vestibule

112
Q

What are postnatal causes of congenital voice disorder

A

Neonatal jaundice
Seizures
Encephalitis

113
Q

What is laryngomalacia

A

Epiglottis is flaccid and obstructs airway.

Concern is swallowing and aspiration

114
Q

What are signs of pediatric voice disorder

A 
Dysphonia
Intermittent aphonia
Voice breaks in singing or speech
Excessively loud voice
Inability to sustain a note
Effortful or strained voice
115
Q

What is the primary acquired disorder in children

A

Muscle tension dysphonia

116
Q

What is the leading cause of acquired voice disorder in children

A

Phonotrauma

117
Q

What are actities in kids that may cause vocal nodules

A 
Excessive use
Glottal attack
Not resting voice when ill
Crying, laughing, outbursts
Shouting, screaming
118
Q

What should you consider when working with children

A

Laryngeal development
Psychological/emotional development
Language speech
General development

119
Q

What are some anatomical changes in geriatric patients

A 
Atrophy
Vocal fold thinning
Bowing
Discoloration
Edema of superficial lamina
Ossification
Decreased blood supply
120
Q

What are perceptual voice changes in geriatric patients

A 
Altered pitch
Roughness
Breathiness
Hoarseness
Tremor
Weakness

Quality. Pitch. Loudness

121
Q

Why would loudness be affected in geriatric patients

A

Less air support

Less subglottal pressure

122
Q

What are the essential elements of a report

A 
Background/case history
Laryngoscopy
Auditory perceptual analysis
Acoustic analysis
Aerodynamic analysis
Quality of life

Both subjective and objective

123
Q

What info is in a case history

A 
The problem verbatim
Effect of problem on their life
Onset and duration
Variability or constancy
Other symptoms present
Medical history/ list of procedures etc
Medications
Vocal habits
Psychological issues
124
Q

What are components of a subjective aerodynamic assessment

A

Observe type of breathing
Number of words per breath
S/z ratio
Max phonation duration

125
Q

What are objective measurements for phonation

A 
Habitual loudness and pitch
Loudness variability (contrastive stress)
Pitch variability, range
Tremor
Voice quality with severity
126
Q

What is LPR

A

Laryngeal-pharyngeal reflux

127
Q

What is LSVT

A

Lee Silverman Voice Treatment

128
Q

What is MTD

A

Muscle tension dysphonia

129
Q

What term is used describe functional disorders

A

Muscle tension dysphonia

130
Q

Why is throat clearing destructive

A

Increased subglottal pressure required to overcome adductive forces to produce a sudden explosive sound

131
Q

How does unilateral UMN present

A

Contralateral lower facial weakness

132
Q

What contributes to PVFM

A 
Reflux
Exercise upper airway inflammation 
Exposure to irritants 
Environmental allergens
Stress
Change in temp
Vocal maneuvers
133
Q

How do you diagnose PVFM

A

Observe neck muscles
Visualization of folds
Symptoms
Thorough history

134
Q

How do you treat PVFM

A

Direct: relaxed throat breathing, panting, biofeedback
Indirect: education, relaxation, reassurance, hygiene

Voice (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions