Disorders

Question 1

Echopraxia

Answer 1

meaningless imitation of another person’s movements

Question 2

Catatonia

Answer 2

immobility or rigidity

Question 3

Stereotypy

Answer 3

repetition of fixed patterns of movement and speech

Question 4

Psychomotor Agitation

Answer 4

excessive motor and cognitive activity, usually nonproductive and in response to inner tension

Question 5

Psychomotor Retardation

Answer 5

decreased or slowed motor and cognitive activity

Question 6

Akathisia

Answer 6

state of restlessness characterized by an urgent need for movement, usually a side effect of med

Question 7

Circumstantiality

Answer 7

speech that is delayed in reaching the point and contains excessive or irrelevant details

Question 8

Tangentiality

Answer 8

abrupt changing of focus to a loosely associated topic

Question 9

Perserveration of Thought

Answer 9

a persistent focus on a previous topic or behavior after a new topic/behavior has been introduced

Question 10

Poverty of Speech

Answer 10

limited in amount, one-word answers

Question 11

Poverty of Content of Speech

Answer 11

speech that is adequate in amount but conveys little info due to vagueness, lack of specificity, and limited detail

Question 12

Perserveration of Speech

Answer 12

continued, persistent repetition of a work or phrase, often in response to different stimuli or different questions

Question 13

Nominal Aphasia

Answer 13

in ability to name objects

Question 14

Agnosia

Answer 14

inability to process sensory info

Question 15

Schizophrenia

Answer 15

A. two (or more) of the following :

 1. delusions
 2. hallucinations
 3. disorganized speech
 4. grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
 5. negative symptoms

B. disturbance in one or more areas of func

C. continuous signs for at least 6 months including at least 1mo of symps from A

Question 16

Paranoid Schizophrenia

Answer 16

Preoccupation with one or more delusions of persecution or grandeur. auditory hallucinations

Question 17

Schizophreniform Disorder

Answer 17

The pt meets the criteria for schizophrenia; however, the episode lasts more than 1mo but less than 5mo req for schizophrenia dx

Question 18

Schizoaffective Disorder

Answer 18

uninterrupted period of illness where there is

a major mood episode (depressive, manic, mixed) concurrent with criterion A of schizophrenia

Question 19

Delusional Disorder

Answer 19

nonbizarre delusions with the absence of other criterion A symps of schizophrenia

Question 20

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Answer 20

A. presence of 1 or more of following symptoms

 1. delusions
 2. hallucinations
 3. disorganized speech
 4. grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

B. duration at least 1 day but less than 1 month

C. not better explained by another disorder

Question 21

Schizo Spectrum Disorders Functional Impact

Answer 21

deficits in processing sensory info making interaction w/environment difficult

lost or failed to develop social and communication skills

deficits in cognitive func due to thought disorders and difficulties with performance of basic skills with all areas of occupation

Question 22

Traditional Antipsychotic Meds

Answer 22

used to treat psychosis (in particular, schizophrenia), and acute mania, agitation, and other conditions.
Not freq used, but still prescribed

Side effects include: dry mouth, muscle stiffness, muscle cramping, tremors, weight-gain, parkinsonism, dystonias, and akathisia.

Question 23

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Answer 23

an autonomic emergency leading to increased b/p, tachycardia, sweating, convulsions, and coma. complication of typical antipsychotics

Question 24

Tardive Dyskinesia

Answer 24

caused by long-term use or high-dose of antipsychotic meds characterized by abnormal, involuntary, irregular movements of the head, limbs, and trunk, often presenting as slow, rhythmic, automatic, stereotyped movements

Question 25

Neuroleptic-Induced Parkinsonism

Answer 25

an antipsychotic caused disorder that presents with muscle stiffness, cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and drooling

Question 26

Atypical Antipsychotics

Answer 26

used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, and as an adjunct in major depressive disorder. Side effects vary. Can include dry mouth, blurry vision, sedation, dizziness, hypotension, insomnia, confusion

Question 27

Manic Episode

Answer 27

A. period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood lasting at least 1wk ``` B. 3 or more of following symptoms 1. grandiosity 2. decreased need for sleep 3. more talkative than usual or pressured speech 4. flight of ideas or racing thoughts 5. distractibility 6. increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation 7. increased risky behaviors ```

Question 28

Bipolar I Disorder

Answer 28

One or more manic episodes May be combined with depressive episodes

Question 29

Bipolar II Disorder

Answer 29

One or more major depressive episodes There must be at least one hypomanic episode

Question 30

Dysthymia

Answer 30

at least 2yrs of a depressed episode, most days, with depressive symps that are not severe enough to meet criteria for major depressive episode

Question 31

Cyclothymic Disorder

Answer 31

at least 2yrs with numerous periods of hypomanic and depressive symps that do not meet criteria for a manic or major depressive episode

Question 32

Hypomanic Episode

Answer 32

Symptoms are same as manic episode but not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational func or to req hospitalization

Question 33

Treatment for Manic Episode

Answer 33

Antipsychotic Mood Stabilizer Side effects- excessive thirst, tremors, excessive urination, wt gain, nausea, diarrhea, and cognitive impairment Anticonvulsants Side effects- dizziness, drowsiness, ataxia, wt gain, sedation

Question 34

OT Considerations For Manic Intervention

Answer 34

Activities that provide release of excess energy Periods between manic episodes should be used to educate

Question 35

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 35

A. 5 or more of following symptoms during same 2 week period 1. depressed mood most of day nearly every day 2. markedly diminished interest or pleasure 3. significant weight loss/ gain or decrease/increase in appetite 4. insomnia or hypersomnia 5. psychomotor agitation/retardation 6. fatigue, loss of energy 7. feelings of worthlessness or guilt 8. diminished ability to concentrate or indecisiveness 9. recurrent thoughts of death/suicide (with or w/o plan)

Question 36

Panic Attacks

Answer 36

``` abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within 10min, with 4 or more or the following symptomsr: 1. palpitations 2.sweating 3. trembling or shaking 4. sensations of SOB or smothering 5. feelings of choking 6. chest pain or discomfort 7. nausea or abdominal distress 8. feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed, faint 9. chills or heat sensations 10. paresthesias 11. derealization or depersonalization 12. fear of losing control or “going crazy” 13. fear of dying ```

Question 37

Agoraphobia

Answer 37

anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing or in which help may not be available if needed situations are avoided or endured w/anxiety about having a panic attack

Question 38

Panic Disorder

Answer 38

recurrent unexpected panic attacks at least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month or more of one or both of the Following 1. persistent concern or worry about having another attack or consequences 2. significant maladaptive change in behavior related to attacks

Question 39

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer 39

excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months about a number of events or activities

Question 40

Considerations for OT Treatment of Anxiety Disorders

Answer 40

skills training and cognitive behavioral approaches may reduce avoidant behavior relaxation and stress management skills graded actv that promote self-efficacy

Question 41

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Answer 41

dx in pt who display a lifelong pattern of social withdrawal seen by others as isolated, eccentric, lonely

Question 42

Schizotypal

Answer 42

appear odd or strange in their thinking and behavior magical thinking, peculiar ideas, illusions, and derealization

Question 43

Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 43

exp unstable affect, mood, behavior, relationships, and self-image fear of real or imagined abandonment leads to frantic efforts to avoid it re-current self-destructive or self-mutilation behavior carried out or threatened

Question 44

Global Deterioration Scale

Answer 44

1 No cognitive decline 2 Very mild cognitive decline (Forgetfulness) Deficit in word finding 3 Mild cognitive decline (Early confusional) Decreased performance in demanding employment 4 Mod cognitive decline (Late confusional) Decreased ability to perform complex tasks (finances) Cannot manage home w/o assist 5 Mod severe cognitive decline (Early dementia) Needs assist choosing proper attire Poor judgement 6 Severe cognitive decline (Mid dementia) May be incontinent; needs assist dressing and proper bathing 7 Very severe cognitive decline (Late dementia) Freq no speech, only grunting Loss of ability to walk, sit up, hold head up, smile Req assist for toileting and feeding

Question 45

Eating Disorder Considerations for OT

Answer 45

Building trust is essential to effective intervention Practitioner must be honest, supportive, and gently confrontational Eval and intervention must include the needs the eating disorder fulfilled Non-food related ares of interest and meaningful purposeful actvs should be pursued Ed about nutrition and healthy leisure actv

Question 46

Autism Crieteria

Answer 46

Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple domains Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. This may include: fixed routines, ritualized patterns, altered sensitivity and reactivity to sensory input Symptoms present early in life ( 12-24 months or earlier) and cause significant impairment in social and/or occupational functioning.

Question 47

Autism Signs in Infants

Answer 47

Low muscle tone Hates baths, dressing or diaper changes Startles easily when touched Does not calm when held; may prefer to lie in the crib Stiffens when picked up

Question 48

Characteristics of Autism

Answer 48

Low muscle tone Interested in parts of toys or mechanical objects Seems unaware of surroundings Does not make eye contact Does not relate to others Sleep problems Hyperactive Fixates on one object

Question 49

Children with Autism may...

Answer 49

May have restricted areas of higher functioning, and difficulty generalizing May have self aggressive behaviors May have seizure disorders and/or ADHD May have difficulty with visual and auditory processing Have difficulty with changes of routines and environments, difficulty transitioning between activities

Question 50

Children Autism Deficits in Function

Answer 50

Poor gross and fine motor coordination Decreased orientation in space and decreased balance Difficulty processing tactile and proprioceptive activity Level of attention and arousal are less than optimal, affecting learning and performance Limited repertoire of coping skills

Question 51

Rett Syndrome

Answer 51

rare genetic neurological and developmental disorder that affects the way the brain develops. It occurs almost exclusively in girls. develop normally at first, but after about 6 months of age, they lose skills they previously had — such as the ability to crawl, walk, communicate or use their hands. stereotypical movements such as handwringing and licking, biting, and slapping of fingers

Question 52

Autism Spectrum Considerations for OT

Answer 52

Develop sensorimotor, social interaction, vocational readiness, and community integration Provide adaptive and positioning equip to facilitate func Rett's synd may req adaptions to maintain the integrity of skin, such as dynamic elbow splinting to inhibit hand-to-mouth patterns

Question 53

ADHD Considerations for OT

Answer 53

Environmental mods and actv adaptions to structure the school or work environment Training in social skills and self-management Interventions to promote sensory modulation

Question 54

OCD Eval

Answer 54

Individuals with OCD frequently experience time consuming compulsions having to do with thoughts and/or actions. Limiting the time available to answer questions will help these individuals structure their time and be able to more effectively complete the evaluation process.

Question 55

Cooperative Groups for Personality Disorders

Answer 55

Because the underlying issues for most personality disorders are related to inaccurate perceptions of the self and others, this treatment approach should directly address these problems. A cooperative group format offers a wide variety of feedback about the specific interactions that occur. The group activity should be based on a central goal of reducing misperceptions.

Question 56

IQ Range 55-69

Answer 56

indicates mild intellectual disability Ability to learn academic skills at 3rd-7th grade lvl; able to work w/min support Min support req

Question 57

IQ Range 40-54

Answer 57

Indicates mod intellectual disability Able to learn academic skills to at least 2nd grade lvl and perform unskilled as well as some skilled work tasks focus acquiring indepen in routine daily skills and skills necessary to perform in desired occupations with supports and structures limited support and assist may be req in specific occupational performance areas on a daily basis Supervised living is req

Question 58

IQ Range 25-39

Answer 58

indicates severe intellectual disability Focus on communication skills and some basic health habits Assist is req for performance of most tasks in all performance areas on a daily basis Supervised living is req Significant impairments in motor func and physical develop are typical

Question 59

IQ 25 OR Below

Answer 59

Assist and ongoing supervision are req for basic survival skills Significant impairments in motor func and physical develop are typical Supervised living is req

Question 60

Discharge Activity Recommendations for Anxiety Disorders

Answer 60

Gross motor activities, involving either aerobic exercise or stretching and relaxation, can help to reduce the physical symptoms associated with anxiety.