Disorders Flashcards
Psychopathology
The scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders.
Medical Model
Says that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured, often through hospital treatment.
Biopsychosocial Approach
Says that psychological disorders are the result of the intersecting influences of genetic predispositions and physiological states, inner psychological dynamics, and social and cultural circumstances.
Biological influences
Evolution, individual genes, brain structure and chemistry
Psychological influences
Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood related perceptions and memories.
Social cultural influences
Roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder.
Purpose of classifying psychological disorders
Describe a disorder, predict its course, imply appropriate treatment, stimulate research into causes.
Main tool of diagnostic and classification
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision
DSM criticisms
Including experiences that’s hard to normal to be considered as disorders. Using our debit treasury cutoffs to draw the line between people with and without a disorder. Gender bias. Lack of sensitivity to cultural diverse city.
Anxiety disorder
Anxiety becomes a disorder when it is maladaptive and uncontrollable, disrupting every day moods, activities, and thought processes.
Generalized anxiety disorder
Characterized by a global, persistent, chronic, excessive state of apprehension. Physical manifestations include for road brow’s, excessive perspiration, twitching, trembling, and high blood pressure.
Panic disorder
Unpredictable, minutes long episodes of intense dread. Person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other terrifying sensations. Fear of the next attack. Attempts to avoid all situations that may trigger an attack.
Phobias
Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. Social phobia is characterized by the intense fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations.
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and urges to perform certain actions (compulsions).
Considered a disorder when it brings significant distress or when the time spent on up sections and/or compulsions interferes with daily life.
Three D’s
Deviant
Dysfunctional
Distressful
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Hunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety and/or insomnia that lingers for longer than four weeks after the traumatic experience. Rises from Trumatic experiences such as combat or being the victim of a natural disaster, terrorist incident, or violent crime.
Learning perspective
Anxiety disorders are a product of fear conditioning, a stimulus generalize Asian, reinforcement of fearful behaviors, and observational learning.
Biological perspective
Anxiety disorders are explained by natural selection and the adaptation, genetic inheritance of high levels of emotional reactivity, and have a normal responses in the brains fear circuits.
Mood disorders
Significant and persistent disruptions in mood or emotions that cause impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning.
Major depressive disorder
Extreme and persistent feelings of despond and see, worthlessness, and hopelessness, combined with lethargy and a lack of interest in and enjoyment of most activities.
Major depressive disorder or emotional symptoms
Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, guilt, emptiness or worthlessness. Feeling emotionally disconnected from others. Turning away from other people.
Major depressive disorder or behavioral symptoms
Dejected facial expression. Makes less eye contact; eyes downcast. Smiles less often. Slow to movements, speech and gestures. Tearfulness or spontaneous episodes of crying. Loss of interest or pleasure in the usual activities, including sex. Withdrawal from social activities.
Major depressive disorder cognitive symptoms
Difficulty thinking, concentrating, and remembering. Global negativity and pessimism. Suicidal thoughts or preoccupation with death.
Major depressive disorder physical symptoms
Changes in appetite to resulting in significant weight loss or gain. Insomnia, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping. They good but chronic aches and pains. Diminished sexual interest. Loss of physical and mental energy. Global feelings of anxiety. Restlessness, fidgety activity.
Bipolar disorder
A person alternating between the despondency and lethargy of depression and a state of extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, wild optimism, and rapid thoughts and speech, mania.
Mood disorders: biological perspective
Mood disorders are a product of genetic for you dispose of shins, abnormalities in the brain structures and functions, and Nero transmitter imbalances.
Personality disorders
Disruptive, enduring, and in flexible behavior patterns that impair people’s social functioning.
Personality disorder clusters
Odd/eccentric. Dramatic/emotional/erratic. Anxious/fearful.
Antisocial personality disorder
A pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others, without a remortgage’s and often with ruthlessness.
Causes of personality disorders
Genetic predisposition’s: interacting with environmental influences seem to produce the altered brain activity that is a hallmark of personality disorders.
Social and cultural influences: stress, exposure to trauma, inconsistent parental discipline, and socioeconomic disadvantage can also play a part.
Psychological influences: inability to heed others concerns about well-being and difficulty learning to avoid punishment.
Dissociative disorders
This category of disorders involves extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and personal identity that impair the ability to function.
People who suffer this kind of disorder are “dissociated” or separated from previous memories or feelings.
Dissociative amnesia
Partial or total inability to recall important personal information; causes are psychological, not near a logical.
Dissociative fugue
Sudden and unexpected travel away from home, forgetting a previous identity and creating a new one.
Dissociative identity disorder
Memory disruption of personality identity combined with the exhibition of two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly known as multiple personality disorder.
Somatoform disorders
Persistent, reoccurring complaints of bodily symptoms that have no physical or medical basis. Includes: hypochondriasis, conversion disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, somatization disorder, and pain disorder
Schizophrenia
A feared and often misunderstood brain-based disease that is marked by severely distorted thought processes
Schizophrenia: symptoms
Disorganized thinking: expressing fragmented and Bizzarre thoughts, often marked by delusions: an odd belief that does not match reality.
Disturbed perceptions: experiencing hallucinate hallucinations; seeing, feeling, tasting, or smelling things that are not present.
Inappropriate actions and emotions: exhibiting unexplainable laughter, tears, or rage, or lacking any motional expression when some may be expected
Schizophrenia: negative symptoms
Negative: absence of normally found behaviors.
Flat effect: emotionally blunted reactions.
Alogia: greatly reduced speech.
Avolition: apathy and diminished goal directed behavior.
Types of schizophrenia
Paranoid: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity.
Catatonic: immobility, extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike like repeating of another speech or movements.
Disorganized: disorganize speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion.
Undifferentiated: many and varied symptoms.
Residual: withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared.
Schizophrenia: how it can develop
Prevalence: how many people are affected by the disorder.
Course: how the disorder develops over time.
Prognosis: what kind of outcome we can eventually expect.
Understanding schizophrenia: causes
Genetic predisposition’s. Viral infections during fetal development. Abnormal brain structures. Abnormal brain activities.
Psychotherapy
Treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques, designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships.
Biomedical therapy
The use of medications or other medical treatments to relieve the symptoms associated with psychological disorders.
Why is therapy important?
Psychological disorders have enough or Miss social, financial, and personal costs. Treatment can help ameliorate these costs and provide a better quality of life to people suffering with psychological disorders
What are the obstacles of therapy?
Obstacles to participation in treatment can involve personal, familial, financial, and systemic issues. People may not realize they need treatment, may not be able to afford it, and may not know how to get it. They may also feel that seeking treatment is a sign of weakness. Successful treatment may be hindered by poor professional training, lack of funding, and family resistance.
Types of therapists: psychologist
A clinical or counseling psychologist holds a doctorate in psychology and is trained in psychological testing and evaluation, diagnosis, psychotherapy, research, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders.
Types of therapists: psychiatrist
A psychiatrist just holds a medical degree and has expertise in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental and emotional disorders, and has the authority to prescribe medications and other medical procedures.
Types of therapists: social worker
Social workers focus on a system people in difficult situations such as poverty, family conflict and abuse, and homelessness. Masters level social worker’s provide many of the same diagnostic and treatment services as clinical psychologists, except they are much less likely to be trained in psychological testing.
Types of therapists: counselor
A professional counselor holds a masters degree in counseling and has expertise in assessment, counseling, and therapy techniques and is more likely than other disciplines to me give attention to a clients spiritual, educational, and professional well-being, and to focus on prevention as well as treatment.
Psychotherapy: effectiveness
Both clients and clinicians report high rates of effect of treatment but these reports are subjective and prone to bias
Outcome based research, however, has consistently found that psychotherapy is significantly more effective than receiving new treatment.
Therapy is most effective when the problem is clear-cut and specific
Factors that contribute to effective psychotherapy
Quality of therapeutic relationship. Caring, empathic, responsive therapist. Motivated optimistic client. Supportive family and stable living situation. Culturally sensitive therapist
Biomedical therapy’s: effectiveness
Several types of psychotropic drugs have proven useful in the treatment of various psychological disorders. However, the actual effectiveness of many drugs, especially antidepressants, is debated by psychologists and others.
The placebo affect
The effectiveness of psychotropic medications is further complicated by the placebo fact. Research surveys have demonstrated that a large percentage of individuals with anxiety, depression, and other emotional disorders experience significant improvement after placebo treatment.
Dangers of therapy
Some psychotropic medications, especially the overuse of benzodiazepines for anxiety, can lead to dependency.
Some antidepressants have been linked to increased suicidal thinking, but the direction of causation is not clear.
Misdiagnosis or misguided therapeutic interventions may result in iatrogenic illness, or a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychotherapeutic treatment itself.
Alternative therapies
Found to have little or no scientific support.
Rebirthing therapy’s: people reenacted the supposed trauma of their birth.
Energy therapies: propose to manipulate invisible energy fields.
Facilitated communication: an assistant touch is the typing hand of a child with autism.
Crisis debriefing: in which all people experiencing a traumatic event our lead, immediately after the event, to describe and process the experience and their feelings about it.
Preventative mental health
Psychological disorders can be prevented by societal programs that identify and alleviate the conditions that help foster for mental health.
Such programs seek to replace oppressive, esteem destroying environments with benevolent, nurturing environment that fosters self-confidence and individual growth.
Psychological therapies
Treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques, designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships.
The most influential types of psychotherapy build on psychologies major theories: psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive.
Psychotherapy typically involves an interaction between a patient/client and a clinician, although some therapies are carried out in groups.
Psychological therapy’s: Eclectic psychotherapy
Drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy: depending on the client and the problem.
Psychoanalysis
Developed by Freud.
Goal is to bring unconscious conflicts and repressed memories and feelings into conscious awareness. Under direction of an analyst/therapist, the patient gains insight into unconscious conflicts and can let go of anxiety and other symptoms.
Psychoanalytic concepts and methods.
Free association: including discussion of dreams.
Resistance: during free association, the client may sensor certain thoughts and topics.
Transference: reacting to the therapist in a way which brings out unresolved feelings about another person.
Interpretation: the therapist suggests meanings related to the dreams, resistance, and transference, to help the client bring conflicts out into the open and work through them.
Contemporary psychodynamic therapy’s
Include interpretation of hidden feelings and memories, but more as a collaborative process and dialogue. With the less free association, the therapist is not really an interpreter; client and therapist face each other. More short-term-based and focused on specific problems – especially social relationships.
Humanistic therapy’s
Focus on the present rather than past. Emphasize conscious rather than unconscious thoughts. Stress taking responsibility for one’s feelings and actions. Assume inherent potential for self fulfillment and growth.
Rogers client centered therapy
Therapists are expected to show three traits to nurture client growth: genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
Active listening, restating and clarifying what you feel the client is saying, serves two purposes: the therapist 1) demonstrates empathetic tuning in, and 2) helps build the clients awareness and acceptance of their own strengths and feelings.
Behavioural therapies
Do not seek to explain psychological disorders by exploring the unconscious or to promote self awareness or insight. Assume that disordered behavior is learned. Symptom release is Richie’s by changing the rewards and punishments which are influencing problematic behaviors, and building new associations to disrupt unwanted panic and other automatic responses.
Counterconditioning
Based on principles of classical conditioning. Do you learning of a new conditioned response that is incompatible with a previously learned response. First explored by Jones in 1896–1987, as a way to extinguish fearful behaviour.
Exposure therapy
Form of counterconditioning used especially to treat phobias. Emotion arousing stimulus is confronted directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to the decrease or illumination of the emotional response. Systematic desensitization – exposure therapy technique in which muscle relaxation is progressively combined with fear-inducing stimuli to gradually eliminate the triggering or unwanted arousal.
Aversion therapy
Form of counterconditioning used especially to treat unwanted habits or harmful behaviors. And unwanted state is associated with an unwanted behavior, gradually replacing the previous positive response.
Operant conditioning
Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. Usually involves the use of positive and negative reinforcement, because reinforcement is Maurice fictive at changing behavior then punishment.
Cognitive therapies
Based on assumption that psychological problems, especially depression and anxiety, are a result of illogical patterns of thinking, called irrational beliefs and cognitive distortions.
Treatment techniques focus on recognizing and altering these unhealthy patterns.
Rational – emotive therapy
Often referred to as an aABC model: the therapist helps the client to see the events don’t directly lead to emotional reactions, that the irrational beliefs affect the consequences, the feelings caused by an action.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Aims not only to alter the way people think but also alter the way people act. Cognitive and behavioral. Seeks to make people aware of irrational negative thinking and related behaviors, replace it with new ways of thinking, and to practice the new thinking and behaviors in every day settings.
Group therapy
Group members can benefit from knowing others with similar problems, gaining reassurance and feedback. Family therapy considers the family as an interdependent system and seeks to help each member understand his or her role. Couples or marriage therapy is designed to foster communication and intimacy and improve problem-solving skills. Members of self help and support groups work together to solve common problems without a designated therapist
Biomedical therapy’s
The use of medications or other medical treatments/body interventions to relieve the symptoms associated with psychological disorders.
The most widely used biomedical therapy involves the use of psychotropic drugs – prescription drugs that alter mental functioning and alleviate psychological symptoms.
Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
Second generation antipsychotics
Second generation of how typical antipsychotic drugs developed in the 1990s, blocking activity of both dopamine and serotonin.
Side effects of atypical antipsychotic less severe, but still significant.
Anti-anxiety medications
The benzodiazepines alleviate anxiety by increasing levels of the neurotransmitter GABA, which inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain which reduces brain activity.
Side effects: negative interaction with alcohol, decreased coordination and motor functioning, and the risk of psychological or physiological dependence. Other medications have been found effective against anxiety, including some antidepressants.
Mood stabilizing medications
Lithium, a naturally occurring substance, is effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder, especially the manic phase of the disorder.
Mood stabilizers work by regulating the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. The mechanism of action for lithium, however, is still a matter of research and speculation. The anticonvulsant medication, Depakote, has also been found to be effective in treating bipolar disorder.
Anti-depressants
Therapeutic effectiveness based on increasing the availability of serotonin at synapsis.
Nero transmitter activity immediately affected, but therapeutic effects may take weeks, possibly as medications gradually stimulate neurogenesis in the hippo campus.
Side EFax depend on the type of antidepressant but commonly include dry mouth, constipation, and decreased sexual responsiveness. Increasingly also prescribed for treatment of anxiety.
Brain stimulation: electro convulsive therapy
Biomedical therapy that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure.
Brain stimulation: deep brain stimulation
Surgical implantation of electrodes that, powered by a pacemaker, send electrical signals to a brain area thought to be a center of depression.
Brain stimulation: transcranial magnetic stimulation
Application of repeated making it take energy pulses to the brain to suppress or stimulate activity in certain areas.
Psychosurgery
Rarely used procedure that involves the irreversible surgical destruction of a certain brain areas.
A lobotomy completely severed the link between the frontal lobe’s and the emotion controlling centers of the in her brain. Lobotomies could ease a person’s misery but could also cause lethargic, impaired speech, and permanent physical disability.
