Disorders Flashcards
Symptoms are present for at least 2 weeks, for most of the day, nearly every day
Represent a change from previous functioning
At least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
Depressed mood - (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless, or appears tearful)
In children and adolescents, can be irritable mood
Diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities
Significant weight loss/weight gain, or decrease/increase in appetite
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional)
Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness
Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt, or a specific plan for committing suicide
Major Depressive Disorder
Symptoms are present for at 2 years, for most of the day, for more days than not
Criteria for major depressive disorder may be continuously present for 2 years
There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode
Depressed mood (sadness, anger, discontent, irritability)
Lost interest or pleasure in most activities
Children and adolescents: mood can be irritable, for at least 1 year
Poor appetite or overeating (increased/decreased appetite)
Insomnia or hypersomnia (sleep changes)
Low energy or fatigue
Low self-esteem
Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
Feelings of hopelessness
During the 2 years, the individual has never been without the symptoms for more than 2 months at a time
Early-onset: before age 21
Late-onset: at age 21 or older
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Symptoms are present for most menstrual cycles in the previous year
Symptoms must be present in the final week before the onset of menses, start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and become minimal or absent in the week post menses
Affect lability (mood swings, sadness, anxiety, or tearful, and sensitivity to rejection)
Irritability or anger or increased interpersonal conflicts
Depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, or self-deprecating thoughts
Anxiety, tension, and/or feelings of being on edge
Decreased interest in usual activities
Difficulty concentrating
Lethargy, easy fatigability, lack of energy
Change in appetite, overacting; food craving
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Feeling overwhelmed or out of control
Physical symptoms: breast sensitivity or swelling, joint or muscle pain, the sensation of “bloating” or weight gain
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Recurrent temper outbursts: verbally (verbal rages) and/or behaviorally (physical aggression toward people or property)
Temper outbursts are out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation or provocation
Temper outbursts are inconsistent with developmental level
Temper outbursts occur, on average, three or more times a week
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Abnormal and persistent elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
Increased activity or energy
Lasting at least 1 week
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
Talkative
Flight of ideas and racing thoughts
Distractability
Increase in goal-directed activity
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Excessive involvement in risky behavior (buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, foolish business investment)
Manic Episode: Bipolar I Disorder
Abnormal and persistent elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
Increased activity or energy
Lasting at least 4 consecutive days
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
Talkative
Flight of ideas and racing thoughts
Distractability
Increase in goal-directed activity
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Excessive involvement in risky behavior (buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, foolish business investment)
Hypomanic Episode: Bipolar I Disorder
**Abnormal and persistent elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
Increased activity or energy
Lasting at least 4 consecutive days
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
Talkative
Flight of ideas and racing thoughts
Distractability
Increase in goal-directed activity
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Excessive involvement in risky behavior (buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, foolish business investment)
**Symptoms are present for at least 2 weeks, for most of the day, nearly every day
Depressed mood - (e.g., feels sad, empty, hopeless, or appears tearful)
In children and adolescents, can be irritable mood
Diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities
Significant weight loss/weight gain, or decrease/increase in appetite
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional)
Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness
Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt, or a specific plan for committing suicide
Hypomanic Episode and Major Depressive Episode: Bipolar II Disorder
Lasting for at least 2 years (at least 1 year in children)
Multiple periods of hypomanic or depressive symptoms but do not meet the full criteria of either episodes during at least two years
Cyclothymic Disorder
Manifestations of fear, acute and debilitating anxiety, sweating, chills, weakness or dizziness, racing heart, chest pain, trembling, nausea, derealization, depersonalization, and fear of dying or losing self-control. Individuals may experience unexpected, expected, or nocturnal panic attacks. Can be a specifier for anxiety disorders or other disorders.
Panic Attacks
Lasting 1 month
Recurrent unpredictable panic attacks with intense fear or discomfort
racing heart, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, sensation of choking, chest pain, nausea, weakness or dizziness, feelings of chills or heat, numbness, feelings of unreality, and fear of dying or losing control
The attacks may be followed by at least 1 month of persistent worrying about future attacks or maladaptive behaviors in response to the attacks
The individual may avoid settings they believe could trigger an attac
Panic Disorder
Developmental inappropriate and excessive fear of being separated from those they’re attached to
Individuals may experience distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from their house or a specific person
Fear and worry about losing those they’re attached to due to illness, injury or death and may not want to be away from their attachment figures therefore, will refuse to leave their home, go to school or work to avoid separation
May not want to sleep alone as they might experience dreams of separation and may indicate complaints of headaches, stomachaches, and nausea when experiencing separation
Typically, symptoms in children are present for at least 4 weeks and 6 or more months for adults.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
At least one month
Consistent failure to start or engage in conversations in social situations such as school or work where speaking is expected
This disturbance may interfere with educational or occupational accomplishments or social communication
The individual will speak with close relatives, but will not when in different social settings or with other people such as in front of friends or distant relatives
The individual’s failure to speak is not a result of a lack of knowledge or familiarity with the language spoken
Selective Mutism
Excessive anxiety or fear of a specific object or situation (phobic stimulus)
Flying, animals, receiving an injection, and the natural environment
The phobic object or situation provokes fear or anxiety most of the time therefore, the individual may avoid it
The fear and anxiety triggered by the phobic stimulus is greater than the danger of the phobic object or situation
The symptoms of fear, anxiety and avoidance usually last for 6 or more months
Specific Phobia
Lasting at least 4 weeks in children and 6 months in adults
Anxiety and fear of embarrassment in multiple social situations in which they could be examined or scrutinized by others
E.g., social situations include, having a conversation, meeting new people, a party, and giving a speech or presentation
Fear showing signs of anxiety that could lead to humiliation, embarrassment, or rejection
Avoid these social situations as fear and anxiety are almost always triggered
Performance only applies when the fear or anxiety is only present when an individual is speaking or performing in public
In children, anxiety is present in interactions with peers and adults.
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Anxiety or fear of developing a panic attack without the possibility of assistance in public settings such as buses, parking lots, theaters, crowds, or when out in public alone
The symptoms of fear, anxiety, and avoidance usually last for 6 months or more
Agoraphobia
Anxiety and worry about various events or activities such as work or school performance
Difficulty in controlling their excessive worrying and physical symptoms such as, restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, and sleep problems
Least for six months
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Presence of both obsessions or compulsions
Obsessions - has recurrent and persistent unwanted thoughts, urges, or images that lead to anxiety or distress
Attempt to ignore or suppress the thoughts, urges, or images or to counteract them with another thought or action which is seen through compulsion
Compulsions - may perform repetitive behaviors such as washing their hands, or mental acts such as counting, in response to their obsessions
Such behaviors or mental acts are performed to prevent or reduce the individual’s anxiety or distress, although in an unrealistic manner which could worsen the individual’s condition and make it difficult to break the cycle
Either obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (at least 1 hour a day)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Fixation with perceived defeats or flaws in their physical appearance that may not be noticeable to others
Repetitive behaviors such as excessive grooming and mental acts such as comparing themselves to others as a response to their perceived appearance
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Persistent difficulty with letting go of possessions, as they wish to save them or due to the distress that is accompanied with the act of discarding them
Persistent challenge of letting go results in the accumulation of possessions that affects their living areas such as a cluttered bedroom or bathroom, which are not used as intended
The removal of clutter will be done due to the interventions of others such as family members, friends, cleaners or authority figures
Shame or embarrassment therefore, will refrain from inviting loved ones to their home
Hoarding not only can be seen inside the home but also outside the home and in the home of relatives or friends
Hoarding Disorder
Hair loss as a result of the compulsion of hair-pulling
May pull their hair in private as they are ashamed of their behavior and will consistently attempt to reduce their behavior of hair-pulling
Hair-pulling can be a result of boredom or anxiety, which may give the individual a sense of relief once the individual has performed the act of pulling their hair
Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)
Repeatedly picking at the skin which may result in skin lesions
Spend several hours a day picking, thinking about or attempting to decrease skin picking
May experience scarring or infection that could be like-threatening due to the skin-picking
Excoriation (Skin-Picking Disorder)
Traumatic events, witnessed a tragic event/s, learned traumatic events happened to their loves ones such as an accident or death, or constant exposure to details of traumatic events
Distressing memories, dreams, dissociative reactions such as flashbacks, and internal and external cues of or related to the traumatic event
Negative emotions, which influence their perception of self and the world, self-blame of the traumatic event, and many may self-isolate
May be verbally or physically aggressive and hypervigilant, and will avoid stimuli associated with the traumatic event such as thoughts, memories, people, and locations
Symptoms should be present for at least one month.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
