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Dosage Form Design 2 > Disinfectants and Antiseptics > Flashcards

Disinfectants and Antiseptics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Classification of Disinfectants?

A
  • Low level disinfectants
  • Intermediate level disinfectants
  • High level disinfectants (chemical sterilants)
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2
Q

Describe the Characteristics of Low Level Disinfectants

A
  • Kill most vegetative bacteria and some fungi and viruses
  • Don’t kill mycobacteria or bacterial spores
  • Used to clean environmental surfaces
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3
Q

Describe the Characteristics of Intermediate Level Disinfectants

A
  • Kill vegetative bacteria, most viruses and fungi
  • Don’t kill resistant bacterial spores
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4
Q

Describe the Characteristics of High Level Disinfectants

A
  • Destroys vegetative (growing) bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi and viruses
  • Does not necessarily kills bacterial spores, must be capable of sterilisation when contact time is extended
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5
Q

What are the Factors Effecting the Effectiveness of Disinfectant?

A
  • Number of Microbes
  • Type of Microbes
  • Material in Contact with
  • Temperature
  • Time of Exposure
  • Presence of Excipients
  • Chemical nature of disinfectant
  • Concentration and Quanitity of Disinfectant
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6
Q

Factors Effecting the Effectiveness of Disinfectant: Number of Microbes

A
  • The more microbes, the longer it takes to eliminate
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7
Q

Factors Effecting the Effectiveness of Disinfectant: Type of Microbes

A
  • Mycobateria, spores and certain viruses can be very resistant to disinfection
  • Vegetative cells are easiest to kill
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8
Q

Factors Effecting the Effectiveness of Disinfectant: Material in Contact With

A
  • Presence of Organic Material (e.g. blood, saliva, faeces) inhibits antimicrobials
  • High protein based materials absorb and neutralise some chemical disinfectants
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9
Q

Factors Effecting the Effectiveness of Disinfectant: Temperature

A

Cold temperatures inhibit disinfectant activity

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10
Q

Factors Effecting the Effectiveness of Disinfectant: Time of Exposure

A

Chemical antimicrobials are more effective at longer contact times

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11
Q

Factors Effecting the Effectiveness of Disinfectant: Presence of Excipients

A

Excipients e.g. surfactants may inactivate some

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12
Q

Disinfectant Susceptibility of Microbes: Gram-Negative Bacteria

A

Double membrane; more resistant

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13
Q

Disinfectant Susceptibility of Microbes: Growth Phase

A

Stationary-Phase bacteria more resistant than log-phase

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14
Q

Disinfectant Susceptibility of Microbes: Mycobacteria, endospores and protozoan cysts

A

Extremely resistant

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15
Q

Disinfectant Susceptibility of Microbes: Virus Envelope

A

Non-enveloped viruses are generally more resistant that enveloped viruses to disinfectants and antiseptics

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16
Q

What are the Modes of Action of Disinfectants and Antiseptics

A
  1. Damage lipids and/or proteins of the semi-permeable cytoplasmic membrane of microorganisms resulting in leakage of cellular materials needed to sustain life
  2. Denature microbial enzymes and other proteins, usually by disrupting the hydrogen and disulfide bonds (3D Shape) therefore blocks metabolism
17
Q

What are the Types of Disinfectants?

A
  • Alcohols
  • Phenols and Phenolics
  • Chlorhexidine (CH)
  • Heavy Metal Compounds
  • Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
  • Aldehydes
  • Peroxygens (oxidising agents)
  • Paracetic Acid
18
Q

Describe the Characteristics of Alcohols as a Disinfectant

A
  • Kill bacteria and fungi, not endospores or non-enveloped viruses
  • Act by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes (kill in 30 secs)
  • Examples: wipe microbes off skin before infections
    • Not good for open wounds - cause proteins to coagulate
19
Q

Describe the Characteristics of Phenols and Phenolics as a Disinfectant

A
  • Advantages:
    • ​Stable; persist for long times after applied
    • Remain active in the presence of organic compounds
  • Disadvantages:
    • ​Skin irritant
    • Neurological damage in infants
  • E.g. throat sprays and lozenges, local anaesthetic
20
Q

Describe examples of Chlorhexidine as a Disinfectant

A
  • Preoperative bathing
    • Prevent surgical site infection
  • ICU: daily CHG washcloth intervention reduce bloodstream infections
21
Q

Describe the Characteristics of Heavy Metal Compounds as a Disinfectant

A
  • Hg and Ag significant germicides
    • Small antimicrobial activity
  • Bind onto functional groups of proteins and inactivate them
  • Disadvantages
    • Very toxic
    • Cause allergic reactions
    • Microbes can develop resistance
    • Large quantities of biological fluids and wastes neutralise their actions
  • E.g. silver nitrate: topical antiseptic, ophthalmic treatments, ointments, wart removal
22
Q

Describe the Characteristics of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds as a Disinfectant

A
  • Denatures protein and disrupts lipids in cell wall
  • Advantages
    • ​Strong antimicrobial action
    • Stable
    • Non-toxic
    • Colourless
    • Odourless
  • Disadvantages
    • ​Forms foam
    • Organic matter interferes with effectiveness
    • Neutralised by soaps and anionic detergents
23
Q

Describe the Characteristics of Aldehydes as a Disinfectant

Gluteraldehyde

Formaldehyde

A
  • Gluteraldehyde
    • Less irritating and more effective than formaldehyde
    • Sterilising agent
    • Used to disinfect hospital instruments
  • Formaldehyde
    • Taurosept: treatment and prevention of catheter infections
      • Broad antimicrobial, bactericidal and antifungal spectrum
      • Prevention of biofilm formation
24
Q

Describe the Characteristics of Peroxygens (oxidising agents) as Disinfectant

A
  • Hydrogen peroxide
    • Used as antiseptic
    • Not good for open wounds - quickly broken down by catalase
    • Sporicidal at higher temperatures
  • Benzoyl peroxide
    • Acne medications
25
Q

Describe the Characteristics of Paracetic Acid as Disinfectant

A
  • Effective liquid sporicides available
  • Sterilant
    • Kills bacteria and fungi <5 mins
    • Kills endospores and viruses within 30 mins
  • Medical instruments because no toxic residue is left
26
Q

Describe Drug Efflux Pumps

A
  • Give resistance to disinfectants and antiseptics
  • Efflux wide range of compounds = resistance to most disinfectants/antiseptics

Dosage Form Design 2 (11 decks)

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