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Human Body 2 > Disegtion > Flashcards

Disegtion Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive organs

A

Mouth, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

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2
Q

Digestive Accessory organs

A

Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

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3
Q

4 layers of digestive tract

A

Mucousa, submucousa, muscularis externa, serosa

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4
Q

Mucousa made of

A

mucous membrane: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucousae

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5
Q

Mucousa function

A

secretion, absorption, folding

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6
Q

Submucousa contains

A

blood vessels and nerve network

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7
Q

Submucousa function

A

binds mucousa to musclaris externa

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8
Q

Muscularis externa made of

A

smooth muscle

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9
Q

Muscularis externa 2 functions

A

contraction and relaxation
peristalsis and segmentation

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10
Q

Serosa

A

membrane allowing attachment to abdominal walls

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11
Q

Primary function of GIT

A

supply body with nutrients, water and electrolytes

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12
Q

GI tract optimises

A

conditions for digestion/absorption

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13
Q

Food is … by GIT

A

broken down into small enough substances to be available for cells

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14
Q

6 stages of digestion

A

-ingestion
-propulsion (peristalsis)
-mechanical breakdown (segmentation)
-chemical digestion
-absorption
-defecation

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15
Q

Ingestion

A

material enters GIT via mouth

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16
Q

Propulsion

A

movement of food along GIT

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17
Q

Peristalsis

A

movement of food along GIT

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18
Q

Mechanical Breakdown

A

breaks down food into smaller pieces, increasing surface area

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19
Q

Segmentation

A

breaks down food into smaller pieces, increasing surface area

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20
Q

Chemical digestion

A

enzymes break down bigger molecules into smaller molecules for efficient absorption

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21
Q

Absorption

A

movement of substrates (electrolytes, water & vitamins) across epithelium into interstitial fluid

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22
Q

Defecation

A

removal of indigestible waste from body

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23
Q

Ingestion organs

A

Mouth

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24
Q

Mechanical breakdown organs

A

teeth, stomach, small intestine

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25
Q

Propulsion definition

A

movement down GIT, swallowing, peristalsis

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26
Q

Propulsion organs

A

oesophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, small intestine,

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27
Q

Absorption organs

A

primarily small intestine, some water absorbed in large intestine

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28
Q

Peristalsis definition

A

waves of muscular contraction in a single direction (mouth>anus)

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29
Q

Circular Muscles function

A

push forward

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30
Q

Longditudinal muscles function

A

shortens and propels bolus forward

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31
Q

Segmentation

A

cycles of contraction, churn and fragment bolus, mixing with intestinal secretions. ensures content comes in contact with absorptive layer

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32
Q

Segmentation direction

A

forward and backward

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33
Q

ANS stands for

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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34
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and Digest

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35
Q

Sympathetic nervous system is

A

Fight or Flight

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36
Q

Tongue

A

Sensory analysis of material before swallowing

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37
Q

Teeth, tongue and palatal surfaces

A

mechanical processing via mastication

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38
Q

Lubrication

A

mixing food with mucous and saliva

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39
Q

Chemical processing oral cavity

A

carbs and lipids by salivary amylase and lingual lipase

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40
Q

Daily saliva

A

1-1.5L

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41
Q

Saliva composition

A

99.4% water, lgA, lysozyme, enzymes, buggers, mucous, enzymes and waste products

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42
Q

Saliva functions

A

lubrication
cleanse mouth and teeth
moisten food
dissolve food
begin chemical digestion

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43
Q

Oesophagus is

A

hollow muscular tube

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44
Q

Oesophagus length

A

25cm

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45
Q

Oesophagus movement

A

peristalsis

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46
Q

Deglutition Buccal phase

A

swallowing bolus

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47
Q

Deglutition Pharyngeal/Oesophageal phase

A

involuntary peristalsis carrying bolus pharynx > oesophagus > stomach

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48
Q

Stomach sphincters

A

top and bottom: pyloric sphincter

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49
Q

Rugae

A

folds

50
Q

Mucousa rugae function

A

mucous production

51
Q

stomach avid pH

A

2

52
Q

Stomach muscle layers

A

out>in: longditudinal, circualr, oblique

53
Q

Stomach muscle type

A

smooth muscle

54
Q

Stomach mechanical digestion

A

mixing waves every 15-25 seconds, forms chyme and moves chyme to duodenum

55
Q

hCl stomach

A

denatures proteins

56
Q

pepsinogen stomach

A

hydrolyses peptide bonds

57
Q

gastric lipase stomach

A

hydrolyses triglycerides

58
Q

Goblet cells

A

protection and mucous production

59
Q

COX-1 pathway

A

immune system, protects inside of stomach, mucous production

60
Q

Parietal cell produces

A

hCl and intrinsic factor

61
Q

Intrinsic factor absorbs

A

B12

62
Q

Chief cells produce

A

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

63
Q

G cells produce

A

gastrin

64
Q

G cell function

A

stimulates parietal and chief cells, increases secretion and motility

65
Q

Regulation of gastric activity under

A

CNS, ENS, hormones

66
Q

3 phases of gastric activity

A

Cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase

67
Q
A
68
Q

cephalic phase

A

sight, smell, taste and thought of food. Increase gastrin

69
Q

Gastric phase

A

arrival of food in stomach

70
Q

Gastric phase triggered by

A

stretch receptors and chemoreceptors

71
Q

Gastric phase pH

A

decreased pH in stomach

72
Q

Gastric phase enhanced secretion

A

gastrin, pepsinogen and hCl

73
Q

Intestinal phase

A

chyme enters duodenum

74
Q

Intestinal phase enhanced secretion

A

secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

75
Q

Secretin

A

reduces production of stomach acid

76
Q

CCK

A

inhibits gastric emptying

77
Q

GIP

A

inhibits gastric secretion and emptying

78
Q

Chrelin

A

appetite stimulant

79
Q

Leptin

A

appetite suppressant

80
Q

Leptin secreted

A

by adipose tissue when fat stores increase

81
Q

Leptin acts by

A

inhibiting appetite stimulant neuropeptide Y (NPY)

82
Q

Insulin and CCK

A

acts as fullness signals to decrease hunger

83
Q

Pancreas attached to

A

duodenum by pancreatic duct

84
Q

Pancreas exocrine cell function

A

acinar gland secretes pancreatic juice, digestive cells and buffers

85
Q

Pancreas exocrine cell function

A

pancreatic islet cells, secrete insulin and glucagon into blood stream

86
Q

Daily pancreatic secretions per day

A

1000mL

87
Q

Pancreatic secretions

A

water, salts, bicarbonate, phosphate, buffers, enzymes

88
Q

Pancreas carbs

A

pancreatic alpha amylase

89
Q

Pancreas proteins

A

proteolytic enzymes (tripsin) and proteases

90
Q

Pancreas triglycerides

A

pancreatic lipases

91
Q

Pancreas DNA and RNA

A

nucleases

92
Q

Liver weight

A

1.5kg

93
Q

Liver location

A

rights hypochondriac and epigastric region

94
Q

4 liver lobes

A

right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe

95
Q

Lobule components

A

Hepatocytes, sinusoids, satellite macrophages (Kupffer cells)

96
Q

Hepatocyte location

A

around sinusoids and hepatic vein

97
Q

Hepatocytes function

A

adjust levels of circulating nutrients

98
Q

Blood passes

A

through sinusoids and hepatic vein

99
Q

Kupffer cell function

A

phagocytic, engulf pathogens, cell debris and damaged RBC

100
Q

Hepatic artery

A

delivers oxygenated blood

101
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

delivers nutrient rich blood from the intestines

102
Q

Liver metabolic regulation

A

carb, lipid and protein metabolism
waste removal
vitamin and miner store
process drugs

103
Q

Liver haematological function

A

removal of bacteria, old RBCs and WBCs
produce plasma proteins
removal of hormones and antibodies
removal and storage of toxins
activation of vitamin D

104
Q

Bile function

A

digestion of lipids

105
Q

Lipid digestion

A

stomach processing creates large drops containing lipids
bile salts break droplets apart
tiny emulsification droplets able to be absorbed by epithelium

106
Q

Gallbladder

A

stores and concentrates bile, releases bile in duodenum

107
Q

bile release stimulated by

A

CCK

108
Q

Small intestine length

A

6m

109
Q

Plicae Circularis

A

circular folds in small intestine

110
Q

Plicae Circularis function

A

mix chyme

111
Q

Villi in small intestine

A

capillaries and lacteals

112
Q

Microvilli in small intestine

A

brush border

113
Q

3 parts of small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

114
Q

Duodenum function

A

receives chyme from stomach, mixes with pancreatic enzymes, neutralises acid

115
Q

Jejunum function

A

chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

116
Q

Ileum function

A

nutrient absorption, vit B12 synthesis

117
Q

Carbohydrases function

A

breaks bonds between simple sugars and

118
Q

Proteases and peptidases

A

break bonds between amino acids

119
Q

Lipases

A

seperate fatty acids from glycerides

120
Q
A

Human Body 2 (1 decks)

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