Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy III > Diseases Skeletal & Muscular System > Flashcards

Diseases Skeletal & Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Patho: antigen trigger IgG, autoantibodies RF combine w/ it. This causes deposits on the synovial membrane, followed by inflammation that can destroy cartilage and bone

A

Rhuematoid Arhritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Home: lining of joint affected, painful swelling that causes bone erosion and joint deformity; characterized 4 anatomical stages from slight bone/cartilage deformity to severe bone/cartilage/joint deformity+ muscle atrophy and bony ankylosis

A

RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Outcomes: more women, 1% Canadian pop, good and bad days, lasts months to years, chronic=fractures, join support groups

A

RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Body.S: skeletal, muscular and mental state

A

RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

S&S:

  • pain, swelling joints symmetrical pattern (smaller joints)
  • generalized fatigue, malaise, fever, weight loss
  • morning stiffness lasting +60min, stiffness w/ immobility
  • finger spindle shaped
A

RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diagnostic:

  • past h(x) and physical findings
  • Lab tests; +RF, elevations in ESR and CRP
  • synovial fluid (+ means straw coloured)
A

RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatments:

  • DMARDs (methotrexate, sulfasalazine, cyclosporine); immunosuppressants and reduce symptoms
  • Biological DMARDs; immune system fight RA
  • Synovectomy, arthroplasty; severe pain
A

RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Patho: grp of genetic bone disease, abn growth and hardening of bones (increased density), due to defective osteoclasts, mutation of 8 genes. Two types, autosomal dominant (ADO) and autosomal recessive (ARO), more severe, affects kids.

A

Osteopetrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Homeo: osteoblasts form bone while osteoclasts unable to break down bone, brittle bones.

A

Osteopetrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outcomes: (ARO) untreated child dies, (ADO) normal life expectancy

A

Osteopetrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Body S.: skeletal, immune, nervous, resp, cardio, teeth

A

Osteopetrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ADO;

  • may be asymptomatic
  • dense bones on radiograph
  • multiple bone fractures, scoliosis
  • spinal abn
  • arthritis in hips
  • osteomyelitis

ARO;

  • bone fracturs from bumps and falls
  • vision/hearing loss, facial paralysis
  • decreased RBC
  • abn bleeding, anemia
  • infections, slow growth
  • short statures
  • dental abn
  • enlarged liver and spleen
  • brain abn
  • intellectual disabilities, seizure
A

Osteopetrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tests:

  • X-ray imaging
  • Clinical manifestations (signs and symptoms)
  • Genetic testing
A

Osteopetrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treatments:

  • bone marrow transplant
  • erythropoietin
  • interferon gamma
A

Osteopetrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Patho: Normal joint use triggers release of metalloproteinase enzymes that breakdown articular cartilage, more cartilage is destroyed than replaced= cumulative effects of years of compression and abrasion=overworked and badly aligned joints.

A

OA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Outcomes: Rarely crippling, except if hip or knee are involved

A

OA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Body S.: hands, lower back, neck, weight bearing joints (knees,hips,feet), heart

A

OA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

S&S:

  • joints hurt after moving
  • loss of flexibility
  • swelling, inflammation
A

OA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tests:

  • X-ray (see bone and cartilage damage)
  • MRI (better view of cartilage and joints)
A

OA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Treatments:

  • aspirin, acetaminophen
  • moderate activity
  • glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate
A

OA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Patho: bones break down (osteoclast) faster than they can be replaced (osteoblasts), postmenopausal women are at increased risk due to drop of estrogen =more bone resorption than formation. Low Ca intake contributes to fragile bone.

A

Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Homeo: osteoblast do not work, osteoclast eat bones making bone more fragile; PTH hormone attempts to regulate Ca levels.

A

Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Body.S.: skeletal (wrist,hips,spine), nervous (severe kyphosis= numbing,tingling,weakness).

A

Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

S&S:

  • back pain, chronic pain
  • fractures
  • loss of height, kyphosis
A

Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Tests:

  • bone mineral density (DEXA scan, X-ray)
  • T score (osteopenia -1 to -2.5 and osteoporosis -2.5+)
A

Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Treatments:

  • proper nutrition, exercise, smoking, alcohol cessation
  • adequate vitamin C and D intake
A

Osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Patho: means split spina is a neural tube defect, incomplete formation of the vertebrae arches usually on lumbosacral region. Types of spina bifida; spina bifida occulta (1 or few vertebra missing), melingocele (meninges protrude through missing spine), myelomeningocele (spinal cord or nerve root protrude through opening).

A

Spina Bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Risk Factors:

  • folate deficiency, diabetes, obesity
  • fam h(x) of neural tube defect
  • antiseizure meds (Depakene)
A

Spina Bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Complications:

  • walking/mobility problems; orthopedic complication (curved spine, abn growth, dislocation of the hip, bone/joint deformities)
  • muscle contractures, tethered spine, meningitis
  • shunt malfunction, hydrocephalus
  • bowel and bladder problems
A

Spina Bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Body S.: CNS, GI, urinary, skeletal

A

Spina Bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

S&S:

  • Spina bifida occulta; tuft hair on lower back, dimple or black mark
  • Melingocele; visible sack of meninges
  • Myelomeningocele; membranes of spinal cord or nerves protrude
A

Spina Bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Tests:

  • maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP)
  • AFP level confirmation test
  • Amniocentesis test
  • Ultrasound
A

Spina Bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Treatments:

  • has no treatment
  • prenatal surgery (open/fetoscope)
  • surgery after birth
  • cesarian birth
A

Spina Bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Patho: Spine is not in alignment anymore, three most common types are kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis.

A

Abnormal Curvature of the Spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Homeo: life threatening if not treated properly, the abn twisting can cause abn thorax growth which can decrease lung volume (lungs and heart affected)

A

Abnormal Curvature of the Spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Body.S: Skeletal, nervous, endocrine, digestive and lungs/heart

A

Abnormal Curvature of the Spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

S&S:

Scoliosis;

  • uneven shoulders, head not centered above pelvis
  • one of the hips raised higher, rig cages diff heights
  • waist uneven, body leans to one side

Lordosis;

  • back or neck pain, pain radiates in the legs
  • tingling or numbness

Kyphosis; -mild to severe pain, back pain w/ movement

  • fatigue -tenderness/stiffness in spine, forward posture of head -chest pain or difficulty breathing
  • difference in shoulder height - tight hamstrings
A

Abnormal Curvature of the Spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Tests: -X rays, CT scan, MRI

A

Abnormal Curvature of the Spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Treatments:

-exercise, anti-inflammatory medication to ease pain or discomfort

A

Abnormal Curvature of the Spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Patho: Genetic disorder characterized by bone fragility due to defect in the collagen producing protein that is used in the formation of bone. Categorized from type 1-8, depending on symptoms can range from mild, to moderate to severe.

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Homeo: Disturbed at genetic level; mutation of a single dominant gene of collagen forming proteins. The lack of collagen is the result of fragile bones.

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

42
Q

Outcomes: can range from type 1 to 8. Type 1; mildest form, can live normal life w/ some health problems. Type 2; most severe type, often fatal before birth or after due to respiratory problems.

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

43
Q

Body S.: cardio, resp, muscular, skeletal

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

44
Q

S&S:

  • bone deformities, multiple fractures, kyphosis, scoliosis
  • loose joints and muscle weakness
  • blue or tinted sclera
  • weak teeth
  • early hearing loss
  • heart defects
  • resp problems (asthma, viral and bacterial infections, barrel chest)
A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

45
Q

Tests:

  • family h(x), h(x) of frequent fractures, signs and symptoms
  • X-ray, ultrasound (at 18-24 weeks)
  • DNA bases sequencing of COL141 & COL1A2
A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

46
Q

Treatments:

  • no cure
  • Bisphosphonate meds
  • Pain reduction, mental health therapy
  • Physical and occupational therapy, low impact exercise
  • Surgery to replace rods on bones, reconstructive surgery to correct bone deformities
A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

47
Q

Patho: Antibodies are created against Ach receptors (tells your muscles to move)

A

Myasthenia Gervais

48
Q

Homeo: muscles affected to do not move

A

Myasthenia Gervais

49
Q

Body S.: nerves, voluntary muscles, thymus, lungs, throat, mouth, limbs, eye controlling muscles

A

Myasthenia Gervais

50
Q

S&S:

  • Weakness of eye muscles
  • Drooping of eyelid
  • Facial droop
  • Blurred/double vision
  • SOB
A

Myasthenia Gervais

51
Q

Tests:

  • Physical and neurological examination
  • Endrophunium test
  • Blood test
  • Electrodiagnostics
  • Diagnostic imaging
  • Pulmonary functioning test
A

Myasthenia Gervais

52
Q

Treatments:

  • Thymectomy
  • Monoclonal antibody
  • Immunosuppressive drugs
  • Anti-cholinesterase medication
  • Plasmapheresis
  • Intravenous
  • Immunoglobulin
A

Myasthenia Gervais

53
Q

Patho: part of an organ is displaced and sticks out of the wall of the cavity containing it, part of the internal organ swells through a weak area of a muscle, common in abdomen and groin

A

Hernias

54
Q

Homeo: most just cause swelling under the skin, but the loop of intestine can become trapped outside the abdominal wall (leads to intense pain, abdominal cramping, vomiting, small bowel obstructions)

A

Hernias

55
Q

Outcomes: good outcome with treatment, 1-3% chance hernia comes back

A

Hernias

56
Q

S&S:

  • Swelling beneath skin of abd or groin
  • Pain/discomfort in abd
  • Heavy feeling in abd
  • Weakness/ pressure in groin
  • Heartburn
  • Vomiting
A

Hernias

57
Q

Tests:

  • Physical exam
  • Radiological exam
  • MRI or ultrasound
A

Hernias

58
Q

Treatments:

  • Open hernia repair surgery
  • Laparoscopic surgery
A

Hernias

59
Q

Patho: Stress can cause deterioration of tendons and collagen (hardening/thickening/scarring of tendons), other conditions can cause it (tennis elbow, swimmer’s shoulder).Untreated = ruptured tendons.

A

Tendinosis

60
Q

Body S.: Musculoskeletal system; tendons (typically in elbows, shoulders, knees, hips, Achilles heel), mobility impaired due to pain

A

Tendinosis

61
Q

S &S:

  • Localized burning and swelling that gets worse during/after physical activity and persists for several months
  • Stiffness in joints, which restricts movements
A

Tendinosis

62
Q

Tests:

  • H(x) and physical assessment (pain, palpate joint)
  • MRI and ultrasound
A

Tendinosis

63
Q

Treatments:

  • Home treatments; rest, avoid repetitive movements, stretching, massaging, use of braces and tape
  • Physiotherapy
  • Nutrional therapy; nutrient help collagen production like vitamin C, curcumin, manganese, zinc
  • Medical; Extracorporeal shockwave therapy, surgery, corticosteroids injections, NSAIDs, platelet rich plasma injections
  • Prevention; warm up before exercise, wear supportive shoes (avoid strain lower limb tendons), avoid repetitive movements or take break every 15 minutes
A

Tendinosis

64
Q

Patho: Group of disease causing progressive muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass. Caused by gene mutation interfering with production of muscle cells. Dystrophin gene mutation; gene found only on X chromosomes, males have one X chromosomes so more at risk, dystrophin protein plays a role in stabilizing sarcolemma. Duchenne’s MD: no dystrophin (severe dystrophy) Becker MD: misshapen dystrophin (mild dystrophy)

A

Muscular Dystrophy

65
Q

Outcomes: depending on type, pt. could enjoy a normal life, or could experience severe muscle loss, may lead to breathing difficulties, cardiomyopathy, loss of ability to walk, scoliosis, contractures

A

Muscular Dystrophy

66
Q

S&S:

  • Waddling gait
  • Enlarged calf
  • Frequent falls
  • Muscle pain and weakness
  • Trouble running/jumping
  • Difficulty rising from sitting/ lying position
  • Gower’s sign
A

Muscular Dystrophy

67
Q

Tests:

  • DNA test for gene mutation
  • Enzyme test: high creatinine kinase levels
  • Muscle biopsy
A

Muscular Dystrophy

68
Q

Treatments: No cure, certain therapies can manage symptoms and slow progression of disease.

  • Corticosteroids
  • Physical therapy
  • Mobility aids (cane, walker, wheelchair)
A

Muscular Dystrophy

69
Q

Patho: widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, memory and mood issues, believed to amplify painful sensation affecting the brain process pain signal

A

Fibromyalgia

70
Q

Homeo: stress related disorder that involves abnormal functioning in the HPA axis, associated with the inability to suppress cortisol, relationship between cortisol level and pain. Disturbance in homeo due to stressors (peripheral injury or psychological stress can cause pain to increase

A

Fibromyalgia

71
Q

Outcomes: mortality rate not increased, suffer pain that is not treatable but manageable, lack of sleep, depression and anxiety (misunderstood by others)

A

Fibromyalgia

72
Q

Body. S:

  • Affects muscles, attachments (tendons, ligaments), coverings (fascia)
  • Stomach, bowel, female organs
  • Nervous s (brain and spinal cord process pain signal differently)
A

Fibromyalgia

73
Q

Risk Factors: - Women, painful disease (infection, arthritis), mood disorder (anxiety, depression), physical/emotional shock, sedentary lifestyle, genetics, family h(x)

A

Fibromyalgia

74
Q

S &S:

  • Chronic headaches, sleep disorders, dizziness, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, anxiety, depression
  • Vison problems
  • Joints of jaw dysfunction, morning joint stiffness
  • Systemic pain, chest pain weight gain, cold symptoms, multiple chemical sensitivity
  • Myofascial pain, fatigue, twitches
  • Skin complaints, urinating problems, nausea, dysmenorrhea
A

Fibromyalgia

75
Q

Tests:

  • Person has widespread pain for more than 3 months with no underly condition responsible
  • Blood test to rule out other options; CBC, RF, thyroid function test, cyclic citrullinated peptide test, erythrocyte sedimentation rate
A

Fibromyalgia

76
Q

Treatment: usually medication and self-care focused on minimizing symptoms

  • Pain relivers; Tylenol or Advil
  • Antidepressants; duloxetine
  • Muscle relaxant; cyclobenzaprine
  • Anti-seizure; Neurontin
  • Physical therapy
  • Occupational therapy
  • Counseling to deal with stress
A

Fibromyalgia

77
Q

Patho: carpal tunnel is a slim passageway in the wrist, in the tunnel there are carpal bones as well as rigid connective tissue “transverse carpal tendon”. Limited ability to stretch, temporary blockage of myelinated nerve fibers. Pressure on the median nerve.

A

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

78
Q

Homeo: compression of the effects the normal functioning of the body.

Body S.: nervous and musculoskeletal

S&S:

  • Tingling, numbness, weakness
  • Morning stiffness, nighttime pain
  • Difficulty holding objects
  • Burning, muscle atrophy
  • Inflammation of the nerve
A

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

79
Q

Tests:

  • Tinel’s sign test
  • Phalen’s sign test
  • Nerve conduction velocity study
  • X-rays of hands and blood tests
  • Electromyogram and nerve conduction velocity or EMG/NCV tests
A

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

80
Q

Treatments:

  • Splinting (treat symptoms, by keeping hand in neutral position)
  • Injections of corticosteroid (long lasting relief)
  • Surgery (relive pressure on the median nerve)
A

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

81
Q

Patho: Unknown cause. Motor neurons gradually break down and die, brain can no longer communicate with skeletal muscles, so the muscles can’t function and eventually will be unable to contract and be weak. Three types; Sporadic (most common, affects anyone, often age 40-60 yrs old), Familial (parent to child) and Bulbar (motor neurons of corticobulbar area, muscles of head, face, neck become paralyzed first).

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

82
Q

Outcomes: 80% of people with X die within 2-5 yrs of diagnosis

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

83
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Heredity
  • Age (risk increase with age)
  • Sex (before 65 y/o more men, at 70 its equal)
  • Genetics
  • Smoking (more in women)
  • Toxin exposure
  • Military service
A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

84
Q

S &S:

  • Tripping, difficulty with walking, ADLs, swallowing
  • Dropping things, clumsy, increased/decreased reflex
  • Slurred speech, weight loss, SOB
  • Decreased muscle tone (legs, hands), twitching in arms/shoulders/tongue
  • Uncontrollable periods of laughing or crying, cognitive and behavior changes
  • Feeling weak, fatigue
  • Muscle cramping or twitching, stiffness or rigidity
A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

85
Q

Tests: - Blood+ urine studies, MRI rule out other disease

  • EMG evaluates health of muscle and nerve
  • Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) determines adequacy of nerve impulsion conduction
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • DNA if family h(x)
A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

86
Q

Treatments:

Can’t reverse the damage, but can slow progression of symptoms, prevent complications, increase comfort and independence

  • Meds; Riluzole and Edaravone
  • Therapies; breathing care, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, nutritional support, psychological support
A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

87
Q

Patho: Affects CNS (motor neurons in spinal cord responsible for skeletal movement), muscles don’t receive signals from nerves (weakness and atrophy), three types (1-2-3). Highly contagious X, mostly seen in children.

A

Polio

88
Q

Homeo:

  • Mostly anterior horn cells (motor neurons) in spinal cord by multiplying and destroying them = muscles lose their function
  • Brain stem (responsible for breathing) = lungs stop functioning
A

Polio

89
Q

Outcomes: minor illness and non-paralytic polio usually recover completely, 25% of those with paralytic polio are disables for life (the rest recover), post-polio syndrome can appear (after recovery, symptoms of polio appear years later due to damage on nervous system)

A

Polio

90
Q

Body S:

  • CNS (spinal cord)
  • Musculoskeletal S. (muscles of legs usually, but can also affect muscles for breathing and swallowing)
  • Urinary system (muscles surrounding bladder = urinary retention, UTIs)
A

Polio

91
Q

S & S: (most cases are asymptomatic, some have mild non paralytic ones, 1% is paralytic)

Nonparalytic:

  • Fever, sore throat, headache, vomiting, fatigue
  • Back/neck/arms/legs pain and stiffness
  • Muscle weakness

Paralytic:

  • Loss of reflexes
  • Severe muscle aches or weakness
  • Loose and floppy limbs (flaccid paralysis)
A

Polio

92
Q

Tests:

  • Recognized with visible symptoms (fever, stiffness, weakness, loss of reflex) especially if only one side
  • Assess muscle contractions, tone and weakness
  • Throat, stool or cerebrospinal fluid samples
  • Blood sample to test for antibodies
A

Polio

93
Q

Treatments:

Preventive polio vaccines, IPV and OPV. No cure, treatment is to relive symptoms.

Minor poliomyelitis = bed rest, OTC meds.

Major paralytic polio = physical therapy, urinary catheter, breathing suport.

A

Polio

94
Q

Patho: acute infection disease, clostridium tetani are very strong and resistant and will bind in CNS and interfere with neurotransmitter realse by blocking inhibitor impulses which leads to persistent muscle contraction and spams. 3 forms, local (uncommon, muscle spams around injury), cephalic (uncommon, caused by lesions on the head/face, flaccid cranial nerve palsies, generalized form (most common, generalized in the whole body)

A

Tetanus

95
Q

Homeo: tetanospasmin is a neurotoxin that affects CNS and travels via blood and lymphatic system, they interfere with neurotramisters that block inhibitor impulses = muscle relaxation disappears, sustained muscle contractions, spasms, seizures

A

Tetanus

96
Q

Outcomes: complete recovery can take months, death rates 10-20%, complications are dyspnea, breathing problems, fractures, HTN and abnormal heart rhythms

A

Tetanus

97
Q

Body S: nervous, muscular, eventually whole body and systems (systemic)

A

Tetanus

98
Q

S&S:

  • Early (lockjaw, stiffness, problem swallowing)
  • Late (severe muscle spasms, seizure)
A

Tetanus

99
Q

Tests: Entirely through physical examination

A

Tetanus

100
Q

Treatments:

  • Administration of Human Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG) STAT - Meds to control muscle spasms
  • Proper wound care
  • Antibiotics
  • Maintaining airway open
  • Tetanus immunization booster
  • Prevention (proper wound care, immunization via vaccination aka Tetanus toxoid)
A

Tetanus

Anatomy III (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions