Diseases of the Veins & Arteries

Question 1

Arteries carry _________ blood

Answer 1

oxygenated

Question 2

Veins carry ________ blood

Answer 2

de-oxygenated

Question 3

Varicose Veins

Answer 3

vein in which blood has pooled

Question 4

What causes varicose veins?

Answer 4

damage to valve

Question 5

Risk factors for varicose veins

Answer 5

female, age, family history, obesity, pregnancy, DVT, previous injury

Question 6

Clinical features of varicose veins

Answer 6

Distended, tortuous, palpable vessels, edema

Question 7

Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)

Answer 7

Inadequate venous return over a long period of time

Question 8

What causes CVI ?

Answer 8

varicose veins and valvular incompetence

Question 9

Risk factors of CVI

Answer 9

Obesity

Question 10

Clinical features of CVI

Answer 10

Edema (up to knee) and hyperpigmentation

Question 11

Thrombus

Answer 11

Blood clot attached to vessel wall

Question 12

Embolus (Thromboembolus)

Answer 12

A detached/ moving thrombus

Question 13

Embolism

Answer 13

when the embolus obstructs a vessel

Question 14

Venous Emboli

Answer 14

Originates: DVT, or right heart&raquo_space;»Destination: Pulmonary

Question 15

Arterial Emboli

Answer 15

Originates: Left heart, or post MI/valve disease/endocarditis/dysrhythmia»»»Destination: lower extremities, coronary arteries (MI), cerebral vasculature (stroke)

Question 16

Virchow’s Triad

Answer 16

-Risk factors for developing spontaneous thrombi
1) Stagnation of blood flow ex. prolonged bedrest, immobility, age
2) Endothelial injury ex. Trauma, surgery, intravenous meds
3) Blood hypercoagulability ex. inherited disorders, meds, malignancies, pregnancy, oral contraceptives/hormone replacement therapy

Question 17

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 17

Blood clot forms in the deep veins, usually in lower legs (popliteal)

-if parts of the clot break off it can lead to pulmonary embolism!

Question 18

Clinical features of DVT

Answer 18

Swelling and inflammation below blockage, pain (increases w/walking), edema w/obstruction

Question 19

Prevention/ Treatment for DVT

Answer 19

Prevention: ambulation, pneumatic devices (air compression), prophylactic anticoagulation

Treatment: Anticoagulants, thrombolytic therapy, Inferior Vena Cava filter

Question 20

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Answer 20

Progressive occlusion of the superior vena cava that leads to venous distension in the upper extremities and head

Question 21

what causes superior vena cava syndrome

Answer 21

Bronchogenic cancer, invasive therapies (pacemakers, central venous/pulmonary artery catheters), lymphomas, cancer metastasis

Question 22

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome symptoms:

Answer 22

Edema, venous distention in upper extremities/face, fullness in head, headache, purple head, respiratory distress

Question 23

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Treatment:

Answer 23

Malignant = treat cardiac arrest
Nonmalignant = bypass, thrombolysis, stents, balloon angioplasty

Question 24

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)

-long term regulation

Answer 24

BP/Sodium levels/ECF drops > Kidneys release renin into blood vessel
Renin + Angiotensinogen (from liver) = Angiotensin I
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (from lungs) + Angiotensin I = Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II > Vasoconstriction in systemic arterioles > raises BP
> Adrenal cortex releases aldosterone
Aldosterone > promotes sodium &water retention in kidneys > raises ECF > raises BP