Diseases of the Veins & Arteries Flashcards
Arteries carry _________ blood
oxygenated
Veins carry ________ blood
de-oxygenated
Varicose Veins
vein in which blood has pooled
What causes varicose veins?
damage to valve
Risk factors for varicose veins
female, age, family history, obesity, pregnancy, DVT, previous injury
Clinical features of varicose veins
Distended, tortuous, palpable vessels, edema
Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)
Inadequate venous return over a long period of time
What causes CVI ?
varicose veins and valvular incompetence
Risk factors of CVI
Obesity
Clinical features of CVI
Edema (up to knee) and hyperpigmentation
Thrombus
Blood clot attached to vessel wall
Embolus (Thromboembolus)
A detached/ moving thrombus
Embolism
when the embolus obstructs a vessel
Venous Emboli
Originates: DVT, or right heart»_space;»Destination: Pulmonary
Arterial Emboli
Originates: Left heart, or post MI/valve disease/endocarditis/dysrhythmia»»»Destination: lower extremities, coronary arteries (MI), cerebral vasculature (stroke)
Virchow’s Triad
-Risk factors for developing spontaneous thrombi
1) Stagnation of blood flow ex. prolonged bedrest, immobility, age
2) Endothelial injury ex. Trauma, surgery, intravenous meds
3) Blood hypercoagulability ex. inherited disorders, meds, malignancies, pregnancy, oral contraceptives/hormone replacement therapy
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Blood clot forms in the deep veins, usually in lower legs (popliteal)
-if parts of the clot break off it can lead to pulmonary embolism!
Clinical features of DVT
Swelling and inflammation below blockage, pain (increases w/walking), edema w/obstruction
Prevention/ Treatment for DVT
Prevention: ambulation, pneumatic devices (air compression), prophylactic anticoagulation
Treatment: Anticoagulants, thrombolytic therapy, Inferior Vena Cava filter
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Progressive occlusion of the superior vena cava that leads to venous distension in the upper extremities and head
what causes superior vena cava syndrome
Bronchogenic cancer, invasive therapies (pacemakers, central venous/pulmonary artery catheters), lymphomas, cancer metastasis
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome symptoms:
Edema, venous distention in upper extremities/face, fullness in head, headache, purple head, respiratory distress
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Treatment:
Malignant = treat cardiac arrest
Nonmalignant = bypass, thrombolysis, stents, balloon angioplasty
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
-long term regulation
BP/Sodium levels/ECF drops > Kidneys release renin into blood vessel
Renin + Angiotensinogen (from liver) = Angiotensin I
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (from lungs) + Angiotensin I = Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II > Vasoconstriction in systemic arterioles > raises BP
> Adrenal cortex releases aldosterone
Aldosterone > promotes sodium &water retention in kidneys > raises ECF > raises BP
