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Equine Medicine > Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract, Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract, Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major barrier to respiratory infection? What virus commonly targets this?

A

mucociliary clearance at the trachea transports mucus and dust toward the pharynx to be coughed out

EIV

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2
Q

What is the major way that viral upper respiratory infections are diagnosed?

A

nasopharyngeal or nasal swab PCRs

can get answers within days

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3
Q

What are the 4 major causes upper respiratory infections in horses?

A
  1. EHV-4
  2. EIV
  3. S. equi
  4. EHV-1
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4
Q

What are the similar clinical signs and treatments seen in viral respiratory infections?

A

CLINICAL SIGNS - fever, cough, mucopurulent nasal discharge, exercise intolerance

TREATMENT - rest, low dust, supportive care (ventilation, plenty hay/clean water)

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5
Q

When is it recommended to add NSAIDs to the treatment plan for viral upper respiratory infections? Which medication is used? How long should horses rest?

A

when horses develop fevers and become inappetent

Banamine - Flunixin Meglumine

  • rest 1 week per day of fever
  • 2 weeks after coughing ends
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6
Q

How are viral upper respiratory tract infections prevented?

A
  • biosecurity: isolate new horses for 28-30 days, maintain/clean equipment, disinfection
  • vaccination
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7
Q

What kind of virus is equine influenzavirus (EIV)? What are the 2 most common subtypes?

A

RNA virus

  1. H3N8 - Florida clade 1 and 2 are in vaccines
  2. H7N7 - hasn’t been documented lately
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8
Q

What horses are at highest risk of EIV infection? What also affects risk of infection?

A
  • young/old
  • naive/unvaccinated
  • those undergoing stress associated with shipping and mingling

viral strain

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9
Q

In what 2 ways is EIV transmitted? What is its incubation like?

A
  1. direct - aerosols, breathing space
  2. indirect - equipment, humans, shared water buckets

1-3 days (quick!)

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10
Q

What 4 unique respiratory clinical signs are seen with EIV infection? What are some complications of infection?

A
  1. deep, dry cough that typically lingers
  2. serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge
  3. myalgia
  4. edema

secondary infections and myositis

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11
Q

Why arent viral isolation and serology typically recommended for diagnosing viral respiratory disease?

A

both can take 1-3 weeks, so they aren’t extremely helpful for quick diagnosis

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12
Q

What unique test is commonly used for EIV respiratory infection diagnosis?

A

ELISA —> ready within 30 mins to a day

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13
Q

How is the EIV vaccine classified? What types are available?

A

risk-based —> not a core

IM and IN

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14
Q

What are the differences between EHV-1 and EHV4? What else is unique about EHV-1?

A
  • EHV-1 = respiratory, abortion, and neurologic syndromes
  • EHV-4 = respiratory (abortion) syndrome

EHV-1 typically undergoes cell-associaetd viremia and can be translocated from the airways

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15
Q

What kind of virus is EHV? How does it act within hosts?

A

dsDNA

it is ubiquitous in the environment and 80-90% of horses are infected before the age of 2, where the virus typically lays dormant in trigeminal ganglia or T-lymphocytes

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16
Q

How is EHV transmitted? What is its incubation like?

A
  • direct = aerosols
  • indirect = fomites
  • vertical = from mare to foal in utero

2-10 days

17
Q

What are the 4 major target tissues of EHV?

A
  1. airway epithelium
  2. local LNs
  3. viremia
  4. vascular endothelium
18
Q

What is the pathogenesis of EHV? What pattern is typically seen?

A

the virus causes focal epithelial erosion, which causes inflammation and vasculitis

infection —> latency —> reactivation —> transmission —> OUTBREAK

19
Q

What are 4 unique clinical signs seen with EHV respiratory infection?

A
  1. late trimester abortions without impending signs (fetus will show not evidence of autolysis)
  2. weak foals unable to nurse (death)
  3. myeloencephalopathy
  4. pulmonary vasculotropic infection
20
Q

How do reproductive signs with EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections differ?

A

EHV-1: abortion storms

EHV-4: less frequent abortions, more sporadic

21
Q

What unique diagnostic technique can be used to diagnose EHV infection?

A

fluorescent Ab from NP swab or fetal tissue —> diagnosis within 24 hours

22
Q

What 3 specimen can be collected for PCR diagnosis of EHV infection?

A
  1. NP swab - acute
  2. citrated of EDTA blood - can be latent in T-lymphocytes found in the buffy coat
  3. fetal tissue
23
Q

What at risk horses are recommended to be vaccinated for EHV?

A
  • < 5 y/o
  • on breeding farms in contact with pregnant mares
  • frequent movement on/off premises
  • performance or show horses
24
Q

What respiratory virus is considered reportable to the OIE? What kind of virus is it? What strain is most important?

A

equine arteritis virus

ssRNA

Bucyrus

25
Q

In what 2 countries is EAV not found? How is it transmitted?

A

Japan and Iceland

  • direct: aerosols
  • indirect: fomites
  • vertical: mare to foal in utero or venereal
26
Q

What are the 4 target tissues of EAV? What is its incubation like?

A
  1. airway epithelium
  2. local LNs
  3. viremia
  4. vascular endothelium

3-14 days

27
Q

Where can EAV persist? What is the pathogenesis like?

A

male accessory sex glands and respiratory organs

virus causes focal epithelial erosion, leading to inflammation, viremia, and pan vasculitis —> persistent infection

28
Q

What 5 unique clinical signs are associated with respiratory EAV infection? What is seen in foals?

A
  1. conjunctivitis
  2. edema
  3. stiffness of gait
  4. rash
  5. abortion at 3-10 months where fetus is partially autolyzed

interstitial pneumonia and pneumoenteritis

29
Q

What specimen can be used on PCRs to diagnose EAV infection?

A
  • semen
  • fetal tissue
  • NP swab
30
Q

What 3 viruses cause respiratory signs, but are extremely rare in the US?

A
  1. equine rhinitis virus A and B
  2. African horse sickness virus
  3. Hendra virus
31
Q

How often should a horse participating in competitions be vaccinated against influenza and EHV-1?

a. every year
b. every 6 months
c. every 2 months
d. every 2 years

A

B

32
Q

The vaccine against EHV-1 has questionable/no efficacy against which disease form?

a. respiratory
b. neonatal
c. neurologic
d. reproductive

A

C

33
Q

EIV vs. EHV vs. EAV etiology, clinical signs, control:

A
34
Q

EIV vs. EHV vs. EAV distribution, transmission, incubation, target, pathogenesis, persistence:

A
35
Q

EIV vs. EHV vs. EAV tests/specimens/time for results:

A

Equine Medicine (33 decks)

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