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General Pathology > Diseases of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Diseases of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of lungs

A

Gas exchange

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2
Q

Trachea divides into

A

Right and left main bronchi

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3
Q

Right lung vs Left lung

A

Right lung has 3 lobes: upper, middle, and lower.
Left lung has 2 lobes: upper and lower. The upper part has a part called lingual which is somewhat analogous to right middle lobe.

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4
Q

Arterial supply of the lungs

A

Lung has double arterial supply: pulmonary and bronchial arteries

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5
Q

Alveolar spaces are lined by:

A

2 types of epithelium: (1) type I pneumocytes, (2) type II pneumocytes

Type 1: main cell responsible for gas exchange
Type 2: produce surfactants

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6
Q

Defective development with dimished weight, volume, and acinar number caused by abnormalities that compress the lung or impede normal expansion in utero

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia (Small lungs)

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7
Q

Formed by abnormal detachment of primitive gut typically located in the hilum or the middle mediastinum.

A

Foregut cyst

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8
Q

Classifications of Foregut cyst based on the type of lining

A
  1. Bronchogenic - most common; lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  2. Esophageal - presence of squamous epithelium
  3. Enteric - presence of intestinal glands
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9
Q

Refers to a discrete area of lung tissue that (1) lacks any connection to the airway system and (2) has an abnormal blood supply arising from the aorta/its branches

A

Pulmonary sequestration

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10
Q

Types of pulmonary sequestration

A
  1. Extralobar sequestrations - external to the lungs and occur anywhere in the thorax or mediastinum
    - found in infants as mass lesions; assocd with other congenital anomalies
  2. Intralobar sequestrations - occur within the lung parenchyma; typically in older children as recurrent localized infxns or bronchiectasis
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11
Q

Represents incomplete lung expansion or collapse of previously inflated lung producing areas of relatively airless pulmonary parenchyma leadimg to reduced oxygenation and predisposed to infection

A

Atelectasis

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12
Q

Types of atelectasis (principally encountered in adults)

  1. _____________ - caused by excessive secretions, foreign body aspiration and/or bronchial neoplasms
    - mediastinum shift towards the atelectatic lung
  2. _____________ -significant vol of fluid accummulates within the pleural cavity
    - mediastinum shift away from the atelectatic lung
  3. ____________ - occurs when focal or generalized pulmonary or pleural fibrosis prevents full lung expansion
    - irreversible
A
  1. Resorption atelectasis - caused by excessive secretions, foreign body aspiration and/or bronchial neoplasms
    - mediastinum shift towards the atelectatic lung
  2. Compressive atelectasis -significant vol of fluid or air accummulates within the pleural cavity
    - mediastinum shift away from the atelectatic lung
  3. Contraction atelectasis - occurs when focal or generalized pulmonary or pleural fibrosis prevents full lung expansion
    - irreversible
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13
Q

Leakage of excessive insterstitial fluid which accummulates in alveolar spaces resulting from either increased hydrostatic pressure or increased capillary permeability

A

Pulmonary edema

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14
Q

Left-sided congenital heart failure leads to an increased hydrostatic pressure. Capillaries engorge with granular pink precipitates along alveolar spaces.

Brown induration: Lung becomes brown and firm due to interstitial fibrosis and presence of heart failure cells

A

Hemodynamic pulmonary edema

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15
Q

Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
Due to injury to the alveolar septa (microvascular or epithelial injury)
Production of inflam exudate, leaks into the interstitial space
Overshadowed by mx of infections

A

Edema caused by microvascular injury

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16
Q

Aka noncardiac pulmonary edema

Char’d by abruot hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in the absence of cardiac failure

A

Acute lung injury

17
Q

Manifestation of severe ALI

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrom (ARDS)

18
Q

Histologic manifestations of ALI and ARDS

A

Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)

19
Q

Widespread ALI of unknown origin/etiology

A

Acute interstitial pneumonia

20
Q

A chronic obstructive airway disease char’d by irreversible enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, with alveolar wall destruction and minimal fibrosis

A

Emphysema

21
Q

4 types of Emphysema accdg to its anatomic distribution

  1. ____________________ - destruction and enlargement of central or proximal parts of the respiratory unit
    - most common (in smokers, with chr bronchitis)
  2. ____________________ - uniform destruction and enlargement of the acinus in the lower basal zones and ant margins
    - assocd with a1-antitrypsin
  3. ____________________ - distal acinus; typically, near the pleura and adj to fibrosis or scars
    - char’c finding: multiple, continuous enlarged airspaces forming cyst-like structures
    - underlies spontaneous pneumothorax
  4. ____________________
    - irregular emphysema
A
  1. Centriacinar (centrilobular) Emphysema - destruction and enlargement of central or proximal parts of the respiratory unit
    - most common (in smokers, with chr bronchitis)
  2. Panacinar (panlobular) emphysema - uniform destruction and enlargement of the acinus in the lower basal zones and ant margins
    - assocd with a1-antitrypsin
  3. Distal acinar (paraseptal) emphysema - distal acinus; typically, near the pleura and adj to fibrosis or scars
    - char’c finding: multiple, continuous enlarged airspaces forming cyst-like structures
    - underlies spontaneous pneumothorax
  4. Airspace enlargement with fibrosis
    - irregular emphysema
22
Q

Other forms of Emphysema

__________________

  • dilation of alveoli but no destruction of alveolar walls
  • due to loss of lung substance
  • no relation to smoking

__________________

  • lung expands due to air trapped within
  • subtotal obstruction by a tumor or foreign object

__________________

  • large supleural bled or bullae occuring in any form of emphysema
  • may give rise to pneumothorax during ruptuepre of bullae

__________________
- entrance of air into CT stroma of lung, mediastinum, or SCT

A

Compensatory hyperinflation

  • dilation of alveoli but no destruction of alveolar walls
  • due to loss of lung substance
  • no relation to smoking

Obstructive overinflation

  • lung expands due to air trapped within
  • subtotal obstruction by a tumor or foreign object

Bullous emphysema

  • large supleural bled or bullae occuring in any form of emphysema
  • may give rise to pneumothorax during ruptuepre of bullae

Interstitial emphysema
- entrance of air into CT stroma of lung, mediastinum, or SCT

23
Q

Persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years but in the absence of any other identifiable causes

Most important risk factor: cigarette smoking

Dominant pathologic features: mucus hypersecretion, persistent inflam

Leads to COPD

A

Chronic bronchitis

24
Q

Chronic immunologic disorder marked by episodic bronchoconstriction due to icnreased airway sensitivity to a variety of stimuli

Inflammation of bronchial walls, increased mucus secretion

Manifested by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough at night or early morning.

A

Asthma

25
Q

Destruction of smooth muscle and elastic tissue by chronic necrotizing infxns leading to permanent dilatation of bronchi and beonchioles

Char’c symptom: cough and expectoration of copious amount of purulent sputum

Assocd with different conditions

A

Bronchiectasis

26
Q

Heterogenous group pf d/o chard by inflam and pulmonary iterstitial tissue fibrosis involving alveolar walls

Classic fxn’l abns: rdxns in diffusion capacity, lung volume and lung compliance

Honey-combed lung

A

Chronic diffuse interstitial (Restrictive) dses

27
Q

Disorder of unknown cause chrad by progressive pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and rspiratory failure

A

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)

28
Q

Formerly called bronchiolitis obloterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)

Cough and dyspnea w latchy subpleural or peribronchial areas of airspace consolidation radiographically

Histo: loose fibrous tissue plugs (Masson bodies) w/n bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli; no interstitial fibrosis or honeycombing

A

Cryptogenic Organizing pneumonia

General Pathology (2 decks)

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